Theorizing Development of Parasocial Engagement

Abstract

The article proposes a theoretical model of the development of parasocial relationships (PSRs) building on Knapp’s model of relationship development. Through synthesis of research across disciplines, the model conceptualizes the relational goals and parasocial interactions (PSIs) specific to the PSR. The model identifies variables that predict engagement at that level, describes the stage’s outcomes/effects, and considers the utility of existing measures to assess these stages. The conceptualization of PSRs as a dynamic process rather than intensity of a monolithic experience offers new directions worthy of empirical examination.

Does the Experience of Parasocial Interaction Enhance Persuasiveness of Video Public Service Messages?

“…Of course, this sensation is illusory, which is why theorists refer to EPSI as a one-sided feeling of mutual awareness. Nonetheless, the processes activated during EPSI parallel those that are active during social encounters, leading to the speculation that viewers may experience the parasocial encounter using similar mental machinery as in social encounters (Tukachinsky & Stever, 2018). Thus, researchers are interested in EPSI for its unique potential to organize theoretical development and establish connections between traditional media effects research and social research.…”

Parasocial Relationships With President Trump as a Predictor of COVID-19 Information Seeking

“…Although parasocial relationships have been found to follow the predictions of numerous interpersonal theories, there is no overarching theory of parasocial relationships. To address this, Tukachinsky and Stever (2019) proposed a theoretical model of parasocial relationship development based upon a review of 60 years of parasocial research and Knapp's (1978) model of interpersonal relationships. Tukachinsky and Stever's (2019) model proposes four stages of parasocial relationship development.…”

“…To address this, Tukachinsky and Stever (2019) proposed a theoretical model of parasocial relationship development based upon a review of 60 years of parasocial research and Knapp's (1978) model of interpersonal relationships. Tukachinsky and Stever's (2019) model proposes four stages of parasocial relationship development. Importantly, Tukachinsky and Stever (2019) explain that not all consumers will experience each stage of a parasocial relationship.…”

“…Tukachinsky and Stever's (2019) model proposes four stages of parasocial relationship development. Importantly, Tukachinsky and Stever (2019) explain that not all consumers will experience each stage of a parasocial relationship. Rather, it is possible to plateau at any of the stages if social attraction wanes or expectations are violated.…”

“…As such, individuals who reach a high level of parasocial relationship feel that the behaviors and communication of the persona they have bonded with are reflections of themselves and therefore are prone to find their behaviors both justifiable and reasonable (Tukachinsky and Stever, 2019). Residents of the United States have had decades to develop parasocial relationships with the current Republican President, Donald J. Trump.…”