2013
DOI: 10.1063/1.4794331
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Theory and experiments characterizing hypervelocity impact plasmas on biased spacecraft materials

Abstract: Space weather including solar activity and background plasma sets up spacecraft conditions that can magnify the threat from hypervelocity impacts. Hypervelocity impactors include both meteoroids, traveling between 11 and 72 km/s, and orbital debris, with typical impact speeds of 10 km/s. When an impactor encounters a spacecraft, its kinetic energy is converted over a very short timescale into energy of vaporization and ionization, resulting in a small, dense plasma. This plasma can produce radio frequency (RF)… Show more

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Cited by 63 publications
(28 citation statements)
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“…A description of the plasma and RF sensors and results from analysis of the data collected by them can be found in Lee et al [6] and Close et al respectively [9]. In this paper, we focus on results from the Hamamatsu H10721-110 photomultiplier tube used for optical measurements.…”
Section: Sensormentioning
confidence: 97%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…A description of the plasma and RF sensors and results from analysis of the data collected by them can be found in Lee et al [6] and Close et al respectively [9]. In this paper, we focus on results from the Hamamatsu H10721-110 photomultiplier tube used for optical measurements.…”
Section: Sensormentioning
confidence: 97%
“…However, we do not expect these biases to have any impact on observations of the impact flash. A description of the various target surfaces can be found in Lee et al [6].…”
Section: Impact Targetsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 7 details anomalies and failures that were possibly caused by orbital debris impacts [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. It should be noted that over the duration of these investigations the number of operational satellites has continually risen so the number of anomalies need to be normalized to the total number of operational satellites.…”
Section: Proposed Mmod Indicatorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 7 The compilation of potentially debris-induced anomalies and failures in LEO is a subjective analysis with much uncertainty for many of the events but there is mounting evidence that some of these have likely been caused by the LNT debris environment [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. behind determining the cause of anomalies and failures of objects or time.…”
Section: Multiple Simultaneousmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[9][10][11][12] Rudolph 13 reviewed radio frequency emissions (RFE) generated by hypervelocity impact and most RFE relevant processes, and ranked them in terms of their dominance in HVIGPs. Lee and Close 14,15 investigated HVIGPs using a variety of materials at the velocities in the range of 1-70 km/s, characterized the electromagnetic pulses and the RFE produced by HVIGPs, and analyzed the dependencies of HVIGP properties on the impact speeds, target materials, and surface charges. Collete et al 16 conducted a series of hypervelocity impact experiments with the velocities in the range of 1-32 km/s and found that time-averaged temperatures stood in the range of 2500-5000 K and increased with the velocity increasing when the initial temperature was approximately twice as the time-averaged temperature.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%