Theory of Cooperative-Competitive Intelligence: Principles, Research Directions, and Applications

Abstract

We present a theory of cooperative-competitive intelligence (CCI), its measures, research program, and applications that stem from it. Within the framework of this theory, satisficing sub-optimal behavior is any behavior that does not promote a decrease in the prospective control of the functional action diversity/unpredictability (D/U) potential of the agent or team. This potential is defined as the entropy measure in multiple, context-dependent dimensions. We define the satisficing interval of behaviors as CCI. In order to manifest itself at individual or team level, this capacity harnesses properties such as degeneracy, pleiotropy (pluri-potentiality), synergies, and metastability. Intelligence is embodied because intelligent behavior is deeply dependent on body functionalities, defined as entropy measures. We base our theory on three principles: (a) relativity of functional entropy/information in agent (team)-environment systems, (b) tendency toward the satisficing level of D/U potential, and (c) tendency toward the non-decreasing D/U potential. The conjunction of these three principles provides existence of sub-optimal behaviors associated with CCI. First, we deal with the problem of how to reduce multidimensional behavior to a concept that accounts for the vast set of scenarios in which CCI is manifested. Secondly, we define and discuss the three interacting principles that underpin CCI behavior as well as providing an outline for a future CCI research program supported by agent-based modeling and empirical research. Finally, we provide some preliminary practical issues that stem from the theory.

Network Physiology of Exercise: Vision and Perspectives

“…This subsumes diverse functional synergies (reciprocal compensations) coping with diverse and challenging environments (mainly represented by the opponents). In sports, this process of complexification is defined by the athlete's functional diversity/unpredictability potential (Hristovski, 2017;Hristovski and Balagué, 2020), being unpredictability, a relational variable that arises within the performer-environment system and cannot be reduced to the development of strength and conditioning. Accordingly, a change of focus is proposed in fitness programs.…”

“…Intelligence in CAS has been recently described as a tendency to evade and escape states of reduced fitness, that is, states of reduced functional diversity potential (Hristovski and Balagué, 2020). This refers to richness of functional synergies and also fast recovery time after a perturbation (see hysteresis behavior of section CAS Interact Dynamically and Non-linearly, i.e., Co-Adaptively, With the Environment).…”

“…The growth of intelligence requires regular coupling to challenging and stimulating environments to evade the temporary stalemate, which may, on longer time scale, turn into decreasing functional diversity potential (Hristovski and Balagué, 2020). On the other hand, the diversity potential can be reduced due to unexpected perturbations (e.g., the pandemia effects) and the property of biological intelligence is to escape quickly from it through the creation of new synergies which may include new dimensions, not only those related to exercise modalities.…”

Healthy Teleworking: Towards Personalized Exercise Recommendations

“…Varied exercise and movement experiences may contribute to increase the functional diversity potential of users and develop their fitness [11]. Diverse and non-repetitive activities promote the creation of new synergies that may improve connectivity among organs and physiological systems.…”

“…Sturmberg et al [9] define health as a dynamic emergent state arising from nested networks interactions, and Pol et al [10] define fitness as the capacity to survive in a broad range of contexts and point out that such capacity cannot be reduced to endurance and strength dimensions as proposed by current ACSM and WHO main guidelines. In fact, at a more general level, some authors have related fitness with the concept of intelligence, understood as the ability of systems to evade and escape states of reduced possibilities by creating functional compensatory synergies in dimensions other than those affected by reduced possibilities [11]. Under the framework of the Network Physiology of Exercise, it has been proposed that an adequately personalized exercise may promote the creation of functional synergies and healthy physiological network connectivity, characterized by functionality and flexibility, while a sedentary lifestyle may lead to dysfunctional, poor and weak connectivity [5].…”