Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy, an advanced high-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering technique, provides the unique opportunity to investigate long-range relaxation processes of macromolecules simultaneously in space and time on nano-scales. In particular, information on the single-chain behavior is not restricted to dilute solutions, but may also be obtained from concentrated solutions and melts, if labelling by proton deuterium exchange is used. Thus, this method facilitates a direct microscopic study of molecular models developed to explain the macroscopic dynamic properties of polymers, e.g. transport and viscoelastic phenomena.This article gives a short outline of the method and reviews the relevant experimental results obtained from polymer melts and networks and from dilute and semi-dilute solutions of chain molecules with different architectures since the first successful NSE work on polymers was published in 1978. The experimental observations are compared with the predictions of the related microscopic models and other theoretical approaches, which are briefly introduced and adapted accordingly.