2
INTRODUCTIONInfrared spectroscopy was developed at the beginning of the XX century for analytical chemical purposes and it is remarkable that the first contribution of the first issue of Physical Review, one of the first and among the most important physical magazines, published in 1883, was devoted to "a study of the transmission spectra of certain substances in the infrared" that included also a plate of a quartz rock crystal (Nichols 1883). In 1905 William W.Coblentz released the very first database of IR spectra where the characteristic wavelength at which various materials absorbed the IR radiation were listed. For more than a century IR spectroscopy has been considered as a powerful analytical tool for phase identification and to characterize the structural features and quantify molecules or molecular arrangements in solids, and also in liquids and gases. This technique has been used extensively by organic chemists, and since the 1950s it has been recognized as a fundamental technique in mineralogical and Earth sciences in conjunction with X-ray diffraction (Keller and Pickett 1949, 1950, Launer 1952, Adler and Kerr 1965. The first "encyclopedia" of IR spectra of minerals appeared in 1974 (Farmer 1974) and is still a primary reference for those using infrared spectroscopy as a tool in material science.In the late '60s -beginning of '70s a new IR technique, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, was developed and later a new class of spectrometers was commercially available, based upon the combination of a FFT (Fast-Fourier-Transform) algorithm and computers. The advantage of these instruments over the previously used wavelengthdispersive spectrometers is fully described in several books, e.g. Griffiths and de Haseth (1986) and Smith (1996). Briefly, in FTIR spectrometers IR light is focused through an interferometer and then through the sample. A moving mirror inside the apparatus alters the distribution of infrared light (wavelength) that passes through the interferometer. The recorded signal, called an interferogram, represents light output as a function of mirror position, which correlates with wavelength. A FFT data-processing transforms the raw data into the sample spectrum. A major advantage of the FTIR spectrometers is that the information in the entire frequency range is collected simultaneously, improving both speed and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).During the last decades, several books have been devoted to the application of spectroscopic methods in mineralogy, e.g. Volume 18 of Reviews in Mineralogy (Hawthorne 1988). Several short courses (e.g. Beran and Libowitzky 2004) and meetings have addressed particular aspects of spectroscopy, such as the analysis of hydrous components in minerals 3 and Earth materials (e.g. Keppler and Smyth 2006). In these books, complete treatment of the infrared theory and practical aspects of instrumentation and methods, along with an exhaustive list of references, can be found.The present chapter is intended to cover those aspects of infrared spectroscopy t...