In the process of discovering form, art is not only oriented toward organic nature, but also toward mathematical models of it. Ever since Fibonacci numbers were introduced (see Peter Weibel on Fritz Hartlauer), art has become increasingly involved with numerical models of form growth (see ftienne B^othy's theory of the "golden row," 1919). The models are thus imbued with meaning far beyond the actual realm of biology. In addition, Friedrich Kiesler's design theory is defined in biotechnical terms.An essential characteristic of living organisms is their systematic organization. Modern systems theory offers a mathematically exact, holistic approach to biological processes, but their philosophical origins are largely forgotten. This is especially true in the case of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who is considered to be the founder of general systems theory (Veronika Hofer). Raoul H. France, whose theories anticipated bionics, could be considered a precursor to systems theory (Franz Pichler). In the area of art, similar ideas are found in ErnoK^llai's work. Arthur Koestler, whose concept of holons reveals extremely current references, also enjoyed a popularity comparable with that of France's. (Franz Pichler). Philosophically, there is a continuity from systems theory to evolutionary epistemology (Werner Leinfellner), while along the way, anti-empiricist roots have lost some of their significance. The aesthetic reference of systems theory has remained undisputed since its beginnings, allowing us to observe social systems as art and art as a viable system (Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau). We must differentiate between models and systems that merely abstract biological patterns, and those which use purely formal abstract methods to model social systems, such as game theory.Game theory began as a joint Austrian-Hungarian project (John von Neumann, Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 1947). It was based on both the Austrian economic school, which highlighted the concept of use in the economy, and on John von Neumann's essay Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele (On the theory of social games), 1928 (Werner Leinfellner). Game theory observes humans as formal market participants who follow various interests and prefer certain states to others (order of preference), attributing a numerical value to this, the use value. As in most of the physical/chemical systems, market participants strive for a state of equilibrium (Chikako Nakayama). However, there are certain prerequisites that a situation must fulfill to even have a state of equilibrium toward which the market participants can then move (Karl Menger).
