Theory of Optical Waveguides

Hunsperger, Robert G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48730-2_3

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The transcendental 1.14), obtained after applying the continuity condition of ∂𝐸 𝑦 / ∂x at the boundary between the core and the substrate (x = −t g ), can be solved graphically or numerically to obtain the ßi values for the different modes supported by the waveguide. A similar discussion for the TM modes supported by the slab waveguide can be found in [53]. Guided modes have a propagation constant such that 𝑛 2 𝑘 𝛽 𝑖 𝑛 3 𝑘. Non-guided modes can be radiated towards the substrate (𝛽 𝑖 < 𝑛 3 𝑘) and the cladding.…”

Section: Integrated Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…1.6) in the different regions of space. Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic fields are then utilized to match the modes [53].…”

Section: Integrated Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parameter k is the propagation vector in air, given by 2/. C' represents an arbitrary constant, the value of which can be adjusted to normalize ξy(x) so that it represents a power flow of one Watt per unit of length in the y direction [53]. The transcendental 1.14), obtained after applying the continuity condition of ∂𝐸 𝑦 / ∂x at the boundary between the core and the substrate (x = −t g ), can be solved graphically or numerically to obtain the ßi values for the different modes supported by the waveguide.…”

Section: Integrated Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and depletion zone isotachophoresis (dzITP) were previously proposed as techniques to improve the intensity of the captured Raman spectra. Waveguide Raman spectroscopy (WGR) is an additional technique that can improve the Raman detection of the analytes of interest [53]. In this technique, an integrated waveguide is used to excite the analytes of interest and collect their Raman scattering.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, when a large surface must be studied, given that the volume scales with the fourth power of the numerical aperture, the surface-to-volume ratio becomes increasingly unfavorable. To overcome these limitations, waveguide Raman (WGR) spectroscopy has been proposed [53]. WGR uses the evanescent field above a waveguide to probe an analyte in close proximity to the waveguide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of anionic pollutants in water

Galindo

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Computers and the internet have changed the way we understand and interact with the world that surrounds us. The 21st century is known as the information age. In 2019, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) estimated that more than 51% of the world´s population had access to an internet connection [1]. Internet traffic is in continue growthevolving from 100 GB of data per day in 1992 to a forecast of 1671 TB of data per second in 2030 [2, 3] considering only internet mobile traffic. Microprocessorstraditionally used in computersare now incorporated in many of the devices that we use and carry daily. In 2020, 51% of the total microprocessors sold were incorporated to tablets, cell phones and appliances [4]. By 2030, the number of devices connected to the internet will be more than 2.8 times the global population (i.e., there will be an estimated number of 24.1 billion devices connected to the internet). We live in a hybrid world, where an unpreceded, distributed and itinerant network of microcontrollers and microprocessors, operating in the digital domain and interconnected using broadband telecommunication networks, can analyze the parameters of our analog world and help us take decisions in a fraction of a second. Sensors and actuators are the bridge that allows the interconnection of both our analog and digital realities.However, technological progress also brings some challenges to our society. The world population is in continuous increase, with a number of 7.9 billion persons in 2021 and an estimated increase of 1.8 billion persons by 2050 [5]. In developed economies, 81% of the population is concentrated in big cities [6]. The high population density in the city is a threat for the sustainability of modern human activity. The concept of smart cities pursues the improvement of the efficiency of traditional networks and services by the usage of digital technologies for the benefit of its citizens. A smart city includes improved ways of transportation, upgraded water distribution and waste disposal facilities and more efficient heating and lighting of buildings. A smart city also includes a more responsive administration that is able to face the challenges of the increasing population and meet the needs of present and future generations [7].Water is one of the nine top sectors supported by the Dutch government through the Top Consortium for Knowledge and Innovation (TKI) [8].Ensuring the quality of water reserves is essential to guarantee not only the safety of the citizens of a country but also the prosperity of the nation. At the Finally, infrared absorption spectroscopy is a complementary technique to Raman spectroscopy. In this technique, a low energy (infrared) light-source is used to excite molecules causing direct transitions between vibrational states. The drop of the light intensity at different wavelengths composes the infrared absorption spectrum, which has direct relation to the structure and composition of the molecules under study. A different selection rule applies for vibrational mod...

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Section: Integrated Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…1.6) in the different regions of space. Boundary conditions for the electromagnetic fields are then utilized to match the modes [53].…”

Section: Integrated Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrated Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of anionic pollutants in water

Galindo

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Fabrication of tapers with Gaussian refractive-index profile in azo polymers

2013

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Flexible Organic Crystals for Dynamic Optical Transmission

Lan,

Li,

Naumov

et al. 2023

Chem. Mater.

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In recent years, studies of organic optical waveguide materials have emerged as a cutting-edge research area driven by their inherent advantages, such as low optical losses, structural versatility, and attractive optical properties. Notably, organic crystals exhibiting a high refractive index and optical transparency have gained attention as prospective materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices. However, unlike viscoelastic polymers with flexible chains, organic single crystals composed of densely arranged anisotropic organic small molecules have not been considered viable as functional materials due to their mechanical rigidity and fragility. Recently, the solid-state research community has witnessed a breakthrough in developing flexible organic crystalline materials, bringing a unique class of soft yet ordered engineering materials with plasticity or elasticity poised to revolutionize the concept of organic crystalline electronics. Recent works have demonstrated the feasibility of flexible organic crystals in optical transmission and have developed a variety of elastic organic crystals with different structures and functions, opening up opportunities for the design of flexible single-crystalline electronic devices. The first elastic organic crystalline optical waveguide has been prepared by building on the elasticity and luminescent properties of such organic crystals. Subsequently, various flexible organic crystals have been discovered and reported, enabling the realization of self-doped crystal waveguides, three-dimensional optical waveguides, phosphorescent waveguides, polarization rotators, and other optical elements. Through molecular design strategies, such as the construction of π-conjugated systems and introduction of heteroatoms, as well as by employing the principles of crystal engineering, researchers have developed flexible crystalline waveguiding materials with extraordinary mechanical properties, including elastic or thermoplastic bending and stimulus-specific deformation. The applications of these optically functional flexible organic crystals have been extended to low/high-temperature environments. Furthermore, combining flexible organic crystals with inorganic/polymeric materials by self-assembly techniques has led to the development of new hybrid functional materials such as solvent-resistant-coated crystals, humidity- and temperature-responsive actuators, and magnetically controllable hybrid materials. These advancements have paved the way for novel applications of organic crystals in flexible devices, such as sensors, soft robots, and optoelectronic devices.

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Theory of Optical Waveguides

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Towards integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of anionic pollutants in water

Towards integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of anionic pollutants in water

Fabrication of tapers with Gaussian refractive-index profile in azo polymers

Flexible Organic Crystals for Dynamic Optical Transmission

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