“…Although the characteristic features of the diffuse scattering can be described using the kinematical diffraction theory (Cowley 1995), dynamical calculation is crucial for quantifying the data. Numerous dynamical theories have been developed to calculate the diffraction patterns and images of thermal diffusely scattered electrons based on the multislice theory (Fanidis, Van Dyck, Coene and Van Landuyt 1989, Coene and Van Dyck 1990, Wang 1991, 1992a, b, 1995a, Wang and Bentley 1991, Dinges, Berger and Rose 1995, the Bloch wave approach (Howie 1963, Rez, Humphreys and Whelan, 1977, Rossouw, 1985, Rossouw and Bursill 1985 and the Green function approach (Dudarev, Peng andRyazanov 199 1, Dudarev, Vvedensky andWhelan 1994, Wang andLi, 1995). Each of these theories was developed for specific applications, but all of them were based on the first-order diffuse scattering approximation, or the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) (Duke andLaramore 1971, Duke andLandman 1972), which means that only a single diffuse scattering is included although multiple elastic scattering has been considered.…”