“…To solve these difficulties, evanescent wave coupling can be considered, since the field intensity of evanescent modes decreases exponentially with distance and hence these modes do not radiate. Some examples of applications can be found, among others, in the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope3456, optical fiber coupling7, prism coupling789, excitation of surface plasmon polaritons1011, wireless energy transfer12, etc. Some of these applications demand highly confined fields (for example in microscopy), while in other applications a significant confinement distance is desired (e.g., in wireless energy transfer).…”