Theory of the washing process

Kling, W.; Lange, Hermann

doi:10.1007/bf02630819

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Generally, interracial tension is the restraining force regarding removal of liquid soil from a solid surface [5] and in the displacement of oil from narrow capillaries, as is the case with enhanced oil recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CPS LG 315 Correlation between the phase behavior of ternary systems and removal of oil in the washing process

Schambil

Schwuger

1987

Colloid & Polymer Sci

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Abstract:The correlation between the phase behavior of aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants and the removal of oil from fabrics has been determined. Model washing experiments with pure and technical grade nonionic surfactants indicated that, in the dispersion ranges of liquid crystals, oil removal is substantially more temperature-dependent compared to micellar or surfactant liquid phases. In this phase region, interfacial tension does not seem to play a substantial role. The results are discussed in terms of the macroscopic properties of mesophases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CPS LG 315 Correlation between the phase behavior of ternary systems and removal of oil in the washing process

Schambil

Schwuger

1987

Colloid & Polymer Sci

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“…Besides, spreading pressure is usually not sufficient to overcome the adhesion force between solid particle and fabric [1,2,11]. Inducement of the electrostatic repulsion between the fabric surface and attached solid particles by ionic surfactants [12][13][14][15][16], solid/bath interfacial tension reduction, and steric repulsion forces all induced by surfactant adsorption, are major mechanisms of enhancement of particulate soil removal by surfactants [17]. Additionally, the dispersion stability of detached solid particles in washing solutions can affect redeposition and thus particulate soil detergency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

Rojvoranun

Chavadej

Sabatini

2012

J Surfact & Detergents

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In this work, the removal mechanism of kaolinite and ferric oxide (model hydrophilic particulate soils) from hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabrics was studied using three surfactant types: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), octylphenol ethoxylate (OP(EO)10), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work investigated the relations between zeta potential, surfactant adsorption, contact angle, solid/liquid spreading pressure, and dispersion stability in washing solutions as compared to detergency performance and antiredeposition as a function of surfactant concentration and pH level. The SDS showed the best detergency for both particulate soils, followed by OP(EO)10, with CTAB being the least effective surfactant. For SDS, the electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil was found to be the dominant force for hydrophilic particulate soil removal. For the nonionic surfactant OP(EO)10, electrostatics are also important and steric effects aid particulate soil detergency. Electrostatic forces and solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction aids CTAB detergency. These same detergency mechanisms have previously been found for the case of hydrophobic soil removal from fabrics. Dispersion stability did not prove to be a dominant mechanism governing particulate soil detergency. From the SEM photos of soiled fabric, ferric oxide attaches to the fabric surface with no entrapment between fabric yarns; moreover, ferric oxide tends to form larger aggregates on cotton compared to polyester fabric. The adhesion of larger particles is hypothesized to be weaker than the smaller ones. Therefore ferric oxide can be more easily removed from cotton fabric than polyester. The SEM photos for kaolinite show little visual difference in particle agglomeration on polyester compared to cotton. Removal of kaolinite from cotton was found to be higher than from polyester, but there is less difference than for ferric oxide.

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“…Former studies on microemulsion systems showed that there is a strong correlation between the phase behavior, the related interfacial tensions and the removal of oil during washing processes. ,, The removal of oil during washing and cleaning processes and the displacement of oil from narrow capillaries, as it is the case in the enhanced oil recovery (EOR), demand an oil/water-interfacial tension as low as possible to obtain an optimal soil removal . In microemulsion systems consisting of, e.g., water, oil, and surfactant, the oil/water-interfacial tension becomes very low when the three-phase region is traversed.…”

Section: General Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their thermodynamic stability, microemulsions are formed spontaneously and offer outstanding properties, which can be adjusted by a series of different parameters such as, e.g., temperature, salt concentration, and cosurfactant/surfactant ratio. ,− Ultralow interfacial tensions can be found, when a microemulsion coexists with a water and oil phase. ,− Furthermore, a variety of microstructures are accessible ranging from spherical to cylindrical droplets to networklike and bicontinuous structures. ,,, In the last decades a lot of energy was put into microemulsion research to exploit these favorable properties in a wider range of industrial applications, e.g., in synthesis, , pharmaceutics, − cosmetics, , detergents, ,,, oil recovery processes, ,,− etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,17−22 Furthermore, a variety of microstructures are accessible ranging from spherical to cylindrical droplets to networklike and bicontinuous structures. 1,2,4,23 In the last decades a lot of energy was put into microemulsion research to exploit these favorable properties in a wider range of industrial applications, e.g., in synthesis, 24,25 pharmaceutics, 24−26 cosmetics, 24,25 detergents, 24,25,27,28 oil recovery processes, 24,25,29−32 etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phase Behavior and Microstructure of Symmetric Nonionic Microemulsions with Long-Chainn-Alkanes and Waxes

Schneider

Sottmann

Lade

et al. 2019

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, macroscopically isotropic mixtures of at least two immiscible components and a surfactant. Their general features, i.e. the complex phase behavior, the ultralow interfacial tensions, and the multifarious nanostructure, have been systematically elucidated in the last century. However, the efficient solubilization of long-chain n-alkanes and waxes, which plays a significant role in enhanced oil recovery, washing, and cosmetics, remains a challenge. Thus, in this work the influence of the n-alkane chain length k on the phase behavior of ternary (symmetric) microemulsions containing equal volumes of water and oil was studied. Using n-alkanes ranging from n-dodecane (C 12 H 26 ) to n-dotriacontane (C 32 H 66 ) and pure n-alkyl polyglycol ether (C i E j ) surfactants, we found that the efficiency of the respective surfactant decreases linearly with increasing k, while the phase inversion temperature (PIT) shows a logarithmic dependence. The influence of a technical wax on the phase behavior was studied by means of the systems H 2 O−SASOLWAX 5805 (Sasol)−C 16 E 6 yielding an equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN (SASOLWAX 5805)) of 30.8. Finally, the pure C i E j surfactants were replaced with technical grade counterparts of the Genapol series (Clariant) finding that the solubilization efficiency of the long-chain Genapol O 080 is comparable to the pure C 16 E 6 surfactant. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) the microstructure of the formulated microemulsions was studied near the so-called optimum (X ̃) point. The scattering curves prove that microemulsions containing long-chain n-alkanes and waxes are also bicontinuously structured at the phase inversion temperature (PIT). Interestingly, a high degree of structural ordering is found reflected by values of the amphiphilicity factor f a ranging between −0.83 and −0.87.

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Theory of the washing process

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

CPS LG 315 Correlation between the phase behavior of ternary systems and removal of oil in the washing process

CPS LG 315 Correlation between the phase behavior of ternary systems and removal of oil in the washing process

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

Phase Behavior and Microstructure of Symmetric Nonionic Microemulsions with Long-Chainn-Alkanes and Waxes

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