Theory Z: How American business can meet the Japanese challenge

Ouchi, William G.

doi:10.1016/0007-6813(81)90031-8

Cited by 776 publications

(673 citation statements)

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“…The view that American learning styles are, in contrast, oriented towards the abstract conceptualization and the active experimentation is congruent with the general perspective that the American world traditionally values the rational mode of thought that concerns analysis, logic, and reasoning (Nugent, 1981;Hall, 1976;Hayashi, 1999) as well as the active mode exemplified in the self-actualization (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). This contrast also appears in the form of organizational control discussed by Ouchi (1981). He illustrates that Japanese organizations employ implicit control systems with a holistic method, whereas American organizations apply explicit control systems with a mechanical, segmented process.…”

Section: Japanese and American Learning Stylessupporting

confidence: 63%

Learning styles and typologies of cultural differences: A theoretical and empirical comparison

Yamazaki

2005

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

159

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This study presents the relationship between six typologies of cultural differences and the learning styles of Kolb's learning model. Several cross-cultural studies about learning styles indicate that learning styles may differ from one culture to another, but few studies have addressed the question of which culture is related to which learning style or ability. The present study concerns this inquiry. Exploration of this inquiry has been made in two parts. The first part investigates conceptual analogies and relationships between Kolb's model and the six cultural typologies in the domains of anthropology, cross-cultural management, and crosscultural psychology. The second part focuses on the empirical results of six comparative studies about cross-cultural differences in learning styles in the past and discusses how six propositions generated from the first theoretical examination can reflect upon their past empirical results.Those two examinations suggest that particular culture, as categorized in those domains, relates to certain learning styles or abilities.Learning styles and culture 3

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Section: Japanese and American Learning Stylessupporting

confidence: 63%

Learning styles and typologies of cultural differences: A theoretical and empirical comparison

Yamazaki

2005

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

159

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“…Geringer and Hebert (1989), however, suggest that the three dimensions (extent, focus, and mechanisms) are complementary and interdependent and that is the reason why we excluded mechanisms of control from our analyses. Prior research has nevertheless argued that nationality or cultural distance influences the mechanisms of control exerted over foreign subsidiaries (Chang & Taylor, 1999;Egelhoff, 1984;Hedlund, 1981;Lincoln & Kalleberg, 1990;Ouchi, 1981;Pugh, 1998). Therefore, future studies should use a more fine-grained measure of control to account for different control types, which may address uncertainty stemming from cultural distance.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ownership mode, cultural distance, and the extent of parent firms’ strategic control over subsidiaries in the PRC

et al. 2016

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Previous studies often associated a specific type of ownership mode with the extent of control a parent firm may have over (strategic) decision-making in a foreign subsidiary, suggesting that parent firms should have higher control over wholly-owned subsidiaries (WoS) than international joint ventures (IJVs). Building on principal agent theory, we argue that in the Chinese context higher ownership levels do not necessarily have a positive effect on the extent of control over the foreign subsidiary. We further argue that cultural distance between the parent firm and the subsidiary moderates this relationship. We test our hypotheses using data from a sample of 156 foreign subsidiaries in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and find strong support for our arguments. Our findings show that in WoS parent firms reduce their extent of control, while in IJVs parent firms increase their extent of control. Moreover, we find that extent of control over WoS (IJVs) declines (increases) when cultural distance increases. Our results have significant theoretical implications for international business (IB) research as they challenge existing views with regard to the relationship between ownership mode and control as well as the moderating effect of cultural distance.

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“…A manager undertakes different actions depending on the assumed concept of human nature. This is explained for instance by one of many dualistic theories of human nature (Staehle, 1973;Knowles and Saxberg, 1967), besides, the dualistic way of thinking is characteristic of the time thinking of the Berlin Wall during the Iron Curtain, like the theory X and Y of McGregor (McGregor, 2002;, or Theory Z introduced by Ouchi (1981). The focus on external motivation or intrinsic motivation may be a consequence of adopted models of human nature.…”

Section: The Understanding Of the Concept Of Human Nature In Economicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Goal of Evolutionary and Neoclassical Economics as a Consequence of the Changes in Concepts of Human

Horodecka¹

2015

EJSS

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The economics depends on the concept of human nature very strongly. The concepts of human nature can be understood as a set of assumptions made about the individual (on different levels: behavior, motives, meaning) and his interactions with other people, with groups and diverse institutions. It corresponds with the image of world people have. The concept of human nature together with an image of the world builds the basis of thinking about the economics and about such fundamental element of it as its goal. Therefore if those images of men change, the way of thinking about economics and their elements adjust to those changes as well. The goal of the paper is to present the impact of these alterations of image of man on the economics. This impact will be illustrated on the example of the evolutionary economics, which is contrasted with the orthodox concept of human nature persisting in the neoclassical economics -homo economicus. The method applied to this research is, among others, a content analysis of the most important texts developed within neoclassical and evolutionary economics. To reach this goal, the following steps will be conducted: firstly, the concepts of human nature will be defined in regards of their particularity depending on the discipline by which they are defined; secondly, the main differences between concepts of human nature in neoclassical and evolutionary economics will be analyzed, and thirdly the differences in understanding of the goal and field between those two schools will be explained as resulting from the diverse concepts of human nature. The analysis proved that the main differences in those economic schools might be explained by the changed assumptions about the human nature and the image of the world.

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Theory Z: How American business can meet the Japanese challenge

Cited by 776 publications

References 0 publications

Learning styles and typologies of cultural differences: A theoretical and empirical comparison

Learning styles and typologies of cultural differences: A theoretical and empirical comparison

Ownership mode, cultural distance, and the extent of parent firms’ strategic control over subsidiaries in the PRC

The Goal of Evolutionary and Neoclassical Economics as a Consequence of the Changes in Concepts of Human

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