Theranostics of triple negative breast cancer: a review

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Triple negative cancer is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. Currently, no effective treatment methods have been proposed that would significantly affect the long-term results of treatment.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the possibilities of theranostics and nanteranostics in the visualization and elimination of malignant cells and immunosuppressive cells of the microenvironment of thriple negative breast cancer.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was conducted for scientific publications in the PubMed information and analytical system for 2015–2022 by keywords: «triple negative breast cancer» («triple negative breast cancer»), «signaling pathways» («signaling pathways»), «tumor microenvironment» («tumor microenvironment»), «cancer stem cells» («stem tumor cells»), «theranostics», «nanomaterials» («nanomaterials»), «nanotheranostics» («nanoteranostics»). After excluding articles devoted to the technical aspects of molecular biological research, 57 publications related to the theranostics of thrice-negative breast cancer were analyzed.RESULTS: Targets for theranostics of triple negative breast cancer are associated with tumor cells and components of the microenvironment. The article presents data on the composition and interaction between various cellular subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment, as well as on the role of cancer stem cells in its formation. State of art classifications of triple negative breast cancer and data on molecular defects associated with various subtypes are presented. Targets for theranostics associated with stem, differentiated tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment are described. The authors present their own data on the nature of the distribution of various subpopulations of the microenvironment, which should be taken into account when choosing the nature of the effect on the tumor. The possibilities and applications of radiopharmaceuticals and nanoparticle-based preparations developed to date have been analyzed.CONCLUSION: Triple negative breast cancer is characterized by the presence of a large number of biomarkers that can be targets for diagnostic and therapeutic drugs. It is advisable to use artificial intelligence technologies for their selection. The use of nanoparticles makes it possible to reduce toxicity and ensure the implementation of several treatment methods simultaneously.