Therapeutic Antiaging Strategies

Abstract

Aging constitutes progressive physiological changes in an organism. These changes alter the normal biological functions, such as the ability to manage metabolic stress, and eventually lead to cellular senescence. The process itself is characterized by nine hallmarks: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. These hallmarks are risk factors for pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Emerging evidence has been focused on examining the genetic pathways and biological processes in organisms surrounding these nine hallmarks. From here, the therapeutic approaches can be addressed in hopes of slowing the progression of aging. In this review, data have been collected on the hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging and supplemented with in vitro and in vivo antiaging research experiments. It is the intention of this article to highlight the most important antiaging strategies that researchers have proposed, including preventive measures, systemic therapeutic agents, and invasive procedures, that will promote healthy aging and increase human life expectancy with decreased side effects.

Anti‐aging and rejuvenating effects and mechanism of Dead Sea water in skin

“…exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation and dysbiosis [4,5]. These theories have been extensively studied [6] and targeting these agingrelated processes and pathways could provide anti-aging benefits to improve the phenotype of skin aging or agingrelated diseases [7,8].…”

“…The biological mechanisms of skin aging are complex and relevant to the ‘hallmarks of aging’, which include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, impaired macro‐autophagy, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation and dysbiosis [4, 5]. These theories have been extensively studied [6] and targeting these aging‐related processes and pathways could provide anti‐aging benefits to improve the phenotype of skin aging or aging‐related diseases [7, 8].…”

Skin Ageing: A Progressive, Multi-Factorial Condition Demanding an Integrated, Multilayer-Targeted Remedy

“…Attention has been paid to telomerase and telomere length for anti-ageing interventions. 37 , 72 , 86 The shield of telomeric DNA, known as “shelterin”, is a specialized six-protein complex, and has fundamental actions on modulating telomere length and telomere capping. 87 Therefore, potential shelterin enhancer, telomerase activator 88 and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression activator 89 have been sought for anti-ageing interventions.…”

“… 87 Therefore, potential shelterin enhancer, telomerase activator 88 and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression activator 89 have been sought for anti-ageing interventions. 86 , 90 …”

Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Activation of Rejuvenation, Geroprotection and Cytoprotection: Proofs of Concept

“…Consequently, defining a universal method to attenuate or prevent physiological aging, which can lead to pathological aging when associated with age-related diseases (cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers) [ 5 ], is therefore a difficult challenge. It is nevertheless a major issue due to the increase in lifespan, and preventing aging, mainly pathological aging, is both a social and economic necessity [ 6 ].…”