Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders

Abstract

In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.

Anti-Microbial Activity of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids in the Light of Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles

“…The endocannabinoid system (ECS) modulates many physiological processes, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and immune systems, pain, learning, memory, perception, mood, appetite, metabolism, emotions, and sleep [22,112,113,[277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285]. The bioactive endocannabinoid lipid mediators have potent anti-inflammatory activities [286][287][288][289][290][291]. In addition, they promote neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and have neuroprotective effects [20,[292][293][294].…”

Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Energy Homeostasis of Dairy Animals: Exploiting Their Modulation through Nutrigenomic Interventions

“…PPARβ/δ-mediated glucose regulation is different from that of PPARγ; however, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ both are implicated in fiber distribution in the skeletal muscle, metabolism of glucose in the liver and controlling pancreatic islet cells function [53]. In lipid catabolism, the PPARα enhances the fatty acid oxidation during situations such as fasting, while PPARγ acts on the adipose tissue during the anabolic process to improve lipogenesis [54,55]. Thus, understanding the role of PPARs in energy homeostasis is important to further investigate the PPARs' role in producing energy in different body parts.…”

Endocannabinoid Anandamide Attenuates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Modulation of Microbiome in the Gut-Lung Axis

“…The two most well-studied endocannabinoids are the arachidonic acid derivatives, N -arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). We and others have shown that endocannabinoids can also act as potent anti-inflammatory agents [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Recently, we demonstrated that AEA can attenuate SEB-mediated ARDS in a mouse model by targeting miRNA which triggers anti-inflammatory pathways involving immunosuppressive cells, such as the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and the regulatory T cells (Tregs) [ 9 ].…”