Therapeutic effects and perspective of stem cell extracellular vesicles in aging and cancer

Abstract

Senescent cells can secrete a plethora of cytokines which induce senescent phenotype of neighboring cells and was called senescence‐associated secretory phenotype. Previously, it was believed that cancer was caused by the infinite division and uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Based on this, anticancer treatments were all aimed at killing cancer cells. Cancer is now considered an age‐related disease. Cancer cells are not exogenous, but one of the worst results of injuries which initially induce cell senescence. Therefore, reversing cell senescence can fundamentally prevent and treat cancer. Though current anticancer treatments induce the cancer cells apoptosis, they induce senescence of normal cells at the same time, thus promoting the occurrence and development of cancer and forming a vicious circle. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano‐sized vesicles which partially mirror their parent cells. In the tumor microenvironment, EVs of senescent cells can change the expression profile of cancer cells, contributing to their resistance to chemotherapy. There is growing evidence indicates that stem cell EVs exert effective antiaging and anticancer actions by transferring functional microRNAs and proteins. This review will summarize the therapeutic role of stem cell EVs in reversing aging and cancer, which suggests the broad clinical application perspective.

Advances in Tumor Targeting Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems: A Promising Approach for Antitumor Therapy

“…Therefore, the article used the term EVs to symbolize any of the types we mentioned above. 26 Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived EVs for Targeted Drug Delivery First discovered in 1976, 27 the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is regarded as a kind of multipotent cell with differentiation potential and self-renewal abilities, 28 and can be isolated from a variety of different organs or tissues such as bone marrow, heart, lung, and adipose tissue, 29 with the characteristics of "double-edged sword." On the one hand, MSCs have immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties, 30 which inhibit the activation of T cells, and change the phenotype of macrophages and DCs, 31 and are the basis for the treatments of inflammatory disorders.…”

Molecular Mechanisms for Targeting Metastatic Cancer Cells and to Overcome or Prevent Chemotherapy Resistance

“…SASP components can create a tumor-promoting microenvironment and impact the response of neighboring cells to chemotherapy. They can enhance cancer cell survival, activate prosurvival signaling pathways, and contribute to therapy resistance [54]. Senescent cells can also communicate with neighboring cancer cells and influence their behavior through paracrine signaling.…”