Therapeutic effects of aerobic exercise on EEG parameters and higher cognitive functions in mild cognitive impairment patients

Amjad, Imran; Toor, Hamza; Niazi, Imran Khan; Afzal, Hina; Jochumsen, Mads; Shafique, Muhammad; Allen, K. Lewer; Haavik, Heidi; Ahmed, Touqeer

doi:10.1080/00207454.2018.1551894

Cited by 51 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Our findings are in accordance with aerobic exercise interventions resulting in improved performance on tests of executive function in individuals with normal cognition [42,45,53,54], although contradictions have been reported [55]. A recent study reported that cognition and executive function also improved among individuals with MCI after six weeks of aerobic exercise training [56]. On the other hand, two recent six-month aerobic exercise interventions did not result in significant change in executive function among individuals with AD [48,57].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Brain Glucose Metabolism, Cognition, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training in Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Gaitán

Boots

Dougherty

et al. 2019

BPL

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Aerobic exercise has been associated with reduced burden of brain and cognitive changes related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unknown whether exercise training in asymptomatic individuals harboring risk for AD improves outcomes associated with AD. We investigated the effect of 26 weeks of supervised aerobic treadmill exercise training on brain glucose metabolism and cognition among 23 late-middle-aged adults from a cohort enriched with familial and genetic risk of AD. They were randomized to Usual Physical Activity (PA) or Enhanced PA conditions. Usual PA received instruction about maintaining an active lifestyle. Enhanced PA completed a progressive exercise training program consisting of 3 sessions of treadmill walking per week for 26 weeks. By week seven, participants exercised at 70-80% heart rate reserve for 50 minutes per session to achieve 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity per week in accordance with public health guidelines. Before and after the intervention, participants completed a graded treadmill test to assess VO 2 peak as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), wore an accelerometer to measure free-living PA, underwent 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging to assess brain glucose metabolism, and a neuropsychological battery to assess episodic memory and executive function. VO 2 peak increased, sedentary behavior decreased, and moderate-to-vigorous PA increased significantly in the Enhanced PA group as compared to Usual PA. Glucose metabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) did not change significantly in Enhanced PA relative to Usual PA. However, change in PCC glucose metabolism correlated positively with change in VO 2 peak. Executive function, but not episodic memory, was significantly improved after

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Brain Glucose Metabolism, Cognition, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training in Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Gaitán

Boots

Dougherty

et al. 2019

BPL

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“…The main finding in the current study is that the amplitude of the N30 SEP peak decreased significantly after a single session of aerobic exercise in MCI patients. The beneficial effects of aerobic exercise are well established in different MCI models [ 41 , 48 , 49 ], however, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore changes in SEPs following exercise in an MCI population. The fact that even a 20-min aerobic exercise intervention yields significant changes in early SEPs suggests SEPs may be a sensitive prognostic marker for early interventions in AD patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

et al. 2020

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming a serious problem for developing countries as the lifespan of populations increases. Exercise is known to be clinically beneficial for MCI patients. Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for this population. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of aerobic exercise on SEPs in patients with MCI, to test whether SEPs are sensitive enough to detect improvements in early somatosensory processing. The study had a randomized parallel-group design and included 28 MCI subjects (14 in the experimental group and 14 in the control group). The experimental intervention was 20 min of aerobic exercise using a stationary bicycle. The control intervention involved 20 min of movements and stretches. Subjects were assessed before and after a single intervention session. SEPs were recorded by stimulating the median nerve of the dominant hand. Analysis of normalized SEP peak amplitudes showed that a single session of aerobic activity significantly reduced the N30 peak at the F3 channel (p = 0.03). There were no significant effects of aerobic exercise on SEP peak latencies. The results indicate that 20 min of aerobic exercise has a significant effect on the N30 SEP peak amplitude in MCI patients. The results suggest that aerobic exercise is likely to provide sensory-enriching inputs that enhance sensorimotor integration. Future studies should assess the effects of aerobic exercise on somatosensory processing in progressive stages of Alzheimer’s disease, longer exercise durations, and multiple exercise sessions.

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“…In total, seven studies reported on frequency analysis results in chronic exercise interventions (Tables 1, 3). Significant increases of alpha-2 (Amjad et al, 2019) and beta-3 bands (Villafaina et al, 2019) were reported, while significant decreases were found for delta (Amjad et al, 2019), and beta-1 (Amjad et al, 2019). Results by Villafaina et al were adjusted for multiple comparisons.…”

Section: Chronic Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, measurements of information flow through particular ROIs, the tendency of specific ROIs to behave as hubs for information, the connection distributions and connection strengths were similarly significantly changed within different brain networks. In another study, it was found that the approximate entropy, which is a measure of how complex a network is, was found to be increased in the eyes closed condition after a chronic exercise intervention (Amjad et al, 2019). We refer to the original studies for indepth explanations of specific measures investigated in these included studies.…”

Section: Chronic Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting State EEG in Exercise Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review of Effects and Methods

Gramkow

Hasselbalch

Waldemar

et al. 2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Background: Exercise has been shown to alter brain plasticity and is explored as a therapeutic intervention in a wide variety of neurological diseases. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers an inexpensive method of studying brain electrocortical activity shortly after exercise and thus offers a way of exploring the influence of exercise on the brain. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the current body of evidence regarding methods of EEG analysis and the reported effects of exercise interventions on EEG. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched for studies investigating resting state EEG in exercise intervention studies carried out in participants >17 years of age and with no history of epilepsy. Further, studies solely investigating event-related potentials as an outcome measure were excluded. Relevant data were extracted, and a risk-of-bias assessment was carried out using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. A qualitative synthesis of results was carried out. A protocol for the systematic review was uploaded to https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ (ID: CRD42019134570) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statement was followed. Results: Out of 1,993 records screened, 54 studies were included in a final qualitative synthesis with a total of 1,445 participants. Our synthesis showed that studies were mainly carried out using frequency analysis as an analytical method. Generally, findings across studies were inconsistent and few were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Studies were mainly of low quality and usually carried out in small populations, lowering the significance of results reported. Conclusions: Changes in the EEG as a result of an exercise intervention are elusive and difficult to replicate. Future studies should provide biologically sound hypotheses underlying assumptions, include larger populations and use standardized EEG methods to increase replicability. EEG remains an interesting methodology to examine the effects of exercise on the brain.

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Therapeutic effects of aerobic exercise on EEG parameters and higher cognitive functions in mild cognitive impairment patients

Cited by 51 publications

References 61 publications

Brain Glucose Metabolism, Cognition, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training in Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Brain Glucose Metabolism, Cognition, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training in Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Resting State EEG in Exercise Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review of Effects and Methods

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