Therapeutic effects of carvacrol on beta‐amyloid‐induced impairments in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is important to investigate agents with multiple effects in the treatment of AD. Carvacrol possesses anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties. We therefore investigated therapeutic effects of carvacrol on cell viability, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in Aβ1-42-induced in vitro and in vivo models of AD. SH-SY5Y cells differentiated into neurons by retinoic acid were pretreated with carvacrol or galantamine before Aβ1-42 administration. For in vivo experiments, a rat model of AD was established by bilateral intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42. The groups received 1% DMSO, carvacrol, or galantamine intraperitoneally twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 6 days. Cell viability was determined using MTT and LDH tests.Learning and memory functions were assessed using a passive-avoidance test. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters (MDA, H 2 O 2 , SOD, and CAT) and Tau, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 peptide levels in in vitro supernatant or in vivo serum and hippocampal samples were measured using ELISA. Carvacrol increased cell viability and exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress by preventing Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and increments in MDA and H 2 O 2 levels in vitro. Additionally, it improved memory impairment by reversing Aβ1-42-induced changes on passive-avoidance test. Carvacrol ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced increments in MDA and H 2 O 2 levels in in vitro supernatant and in vivo hippocampal samples. However, none of the treatments changed in vitro SOD and Tau-peptide levels, or in vivo serum levels of

Anti-Cholinesterase and Anti-α-Amylase Activities and Neuroprotective Effects of Carvacrol and p-Cymene and Their Effects on Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells

“…To date, few studies have reported the neuroprotective effect of carvacrol. A recent study showed that carvacrol can increase the cell viability of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress by preventing Aβ1–42-induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and increments in malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 levels in vitro [ 61 ]. Other literature data on the neuroprotective activity of carvacrol suggested that this compound can protect neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against Fe 2+ -induced apoptosis [ 62 ] and reduces cadmium-triggered oxidative stress in PC12 cells and caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis [ 63 ].…”

Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties of Thyme Oil and Its Main Constituents

“…Elevation of Glutathione and Glutathione Peroxidase in the presence of carvacrol in conjunction with the inhibition of the TRPM2 and TRPV4 channels act together to confer cellular protection against oxidative stress. The antioxidative nature of carvacrol and its therapeutic effects have been demonstrated in a mouse in vivo model of Alzheimer’s disease [ 42 ]. Intraperitoneal administration of carvacrol resulted in increased cellular viability in the experimental animal model of Alzheimer’s disease that uses Aβ1-42 bilateral intrahippocampal injection.…”

Oregano Essential Oil in Livestock and Veterinary Medicine

“…The potent free radical scavenging properties of OEO and thymol contribute to its ability to provide protection against chronic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as its potential as a preservative in food or nutraceuticals [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ]. In a study conducted by Demir et al, the therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol in mitigating β-amyloid-induced damage in both in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer’s disease was assessed [ 94 ]. This study highlighted the anti-acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol.…”