Therapeutic effects of intrathecal versus intravenous monosialoganglioside against bupivacaine-induced spinal neurotoxicity in rats

The Ganglioside GM‐1 Inhibits Bupivacaine‐Induced Neurotoxicity in Mouse Neuroblastoma Neuro2a Cells

“…3 Clinical studies indicate that the administration of bupivacaine in close proximity to nerves can cause serious complications, including radiculopathy and paraesthesia. 7 In this study we sought to validate these findings and explore the cellular mechanism by which GM-1 inhibits bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity. 5 The monosialoganglioside GM-1 is a ganglioside component expressed in the mammalian brain, where it is predominately observed in neurons.…”

“…6 Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that intrathecal or intravenous administration of GM-1 protects against bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity. 7 In this study we sought to validate these findings and explore the cellular mechanism by which GM-1 inhibits bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity.…”

Paeoniflorin attenuated bupivacaine‐induced neurotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y cells via suppression of the p38 MAPK pathway

“…For example, bupivacaine exposure resulted in the reduction of cell viability and the increase of lactate dehydrogenase release, apoptotic rate and cleaved caspase‐3 level in SH‐SY5Y cells . Bupivacaine triggered notable neuronal injuries in the spinal cord such as neuronal degeneration, edema, and vacuolation of myelin sheaths in rats …”

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates the sternomastoid muscle regeneration process after myonecrosis due to bupivacaine

“…In the potentiality hierarchy of local anesthetics, bupivacaine is believed to be neurotoxic [21,23,24], and the most myotoxic [25], leading to the formation of scar tissue, multiple calcifications in muscle tissue [26],myonecrosis and acute degeneration [19,22,[27][28][29].…”