Therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles and routes of administration

Abstract

In modern-day medicine, nanotechnology and nanoparticles are some of the indispensable tools in disease monitoring and therapy. The term “nanomaterials” describes materials with nanoscale dimensions (< 100 nm) and are broadly classified into natural and synthetic nanomaterials. However, “engineered” nanomaterials have received significant attention due to their versatility. Although enormous strides have been made in research and development in the field of nanotechnology, it is often confusing for beginners to make an informed choice regarding the nanocarrier system and its potential applications. Hence, in this review, we have endeavored to briefly explain the most commonly used nanomaterials, their core properties and how surface functionalization would facilitate competent delivery of drugs or therapeutic molecules. Similarly, the suitability of carbon-based nanomaterials like CNT and QD has been discussed for targeted drug delivery and siRNA therapy. One of the biggest challenges in the formulation of drug delivery systems is fulfilling targeted/specific drug delivery, controlling drug release and preventing opsonization. Thus, a different mechanism of drug targeting, the role of suitable drug-laden nanocarrier fabrication and methods to augment drug solubility and bioavailability are discussed. Additionally, different routes of nanocarrier administration are discussed to provide greater understanding of the biological and other barriers and their impact on drug transport. The overall aim of this article is to facilitate straightforward perception of nanocarrier design, routes of various nanoparticle administration and the challenges associated with each drug delivery method.

Understanding the Factors Influencing Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles-Protein Corona Interaction and Drug Delivery Applications

“…Particles with non-spherical geometry can be fabricated using de novo methods like film stretching or template assembly [ 53 ]. It has been demonstrated that non-spherical NPs tumble with the flow while the symmetric spherical NPs move more easily [ 54 ]. There are contradictory data on cellular uptake of NPs depending on size.…”

Lavandula Angustifolia Essential Oil Loaded in Liposomal Nano-Carriers Regulate the HER2 and CASP3 Genes in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 Cell-Lines

“…Some studies demonstrated that phosphatidylcholine (PC) is capable of interacting with the negatively charged (acidic) compounds when incorporated into lms, leading to the adverse effects on the drug release pro le when used in the tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) into the surface of liposomes has been demonstrated to be useful in increasing the stability of formulations, controlled release rate, prolonging the half-life of the drug in the bloodstream, and preventing the uptake of nanocarriers by the reticuloendothelial system (21,22).…”

Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery and Cancer Treatment: A Promising Material in Nanomedicine

“…Nanoparticles can be administered by various routes, including oral, parenteral, and pulmonary inhalation depending upon the disease state, the drug target, patient compliance, and the material and surface properties of nanomaterials [ 54 ]. Among these, oral and intravenous administration are the two most common routes of administration of NPs.…”