Therapeutic Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Its New Formulations in Synergy with Different Antioxidant Molecules Present in Diets

Peritore, Alessio Filippo; Siracusa, Rosalba; Crupi, Rosalia; Cuzzocrea, Salvatore

doi:10.3390/nu11092175

Cited by 43 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…The possibility through a healthy diet aimed at reinforcing our immune system, for example by enhancing the action of endogenous molecules, such as LA, vitD, and, in particular, PEA, can be a valid alternative to the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, or a possible therapy that works in synergy with the latter [ 71 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging

et al. 2020

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Palmitoylethanolamide is a nutraceutical compound naturally produced in many plants and animal source foods, but the natural form is poorly water-soluble. It has demonstrated an anti-inflammatory role as a neuroprotective mediator, acting on several molecular targets of the central nervous system involved on brain aging process. In healthy adults, palmitoylethanolamide is an endogenous PPAR-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α) agonist through which it performs anti-inflammatory activity and provides its effects by activating the cannabinoid receptor. The different formulations of palmitoylethanolamide (micronized palmitoylethanolamide, FM-LipoMatrix® palmitoylethanolamide and FM-LipoMatrix® palmitoylethanolamide plus lipoic acid and vitamin D3) were analyzed starting from intestinal barrier, to verify their bioavailability, to in primary astrocytes in which cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, NFKB activity, MAPK, p53 and PPARα activities were investigated. Additionally, cannabinoid and estrogen receptors were analyzed using the western blot technique. The combination of palmitoylethanolamide in FM-LipoMatrix®, lipoic acid and vitamin D3 shows better absorption predicting an improvement on plasma concentration; this formulation also shows a reduction in ROS and NO production and the data show the interaction of palmitoylethanolamide with cannabinoids and estrogen receptors inhibiting neuroinflammatory markers. All these data support the hypothesis of a new potential strategy to restore brain function and slow down brain aging in humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging

et al. 2020

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“…These findings reflect the capacity of flavonoids to positively affect the oxidative stress and related inflammation. Another promising natural compound with anti-inflammatory properties is palmitoylethanolamide [100]. Palmitoylethanolamide in combination with polydatin, a natural precursor of resveratrol, showed an anti-inflammatory effect and also reduced vascular damage and expression of adhesion and inflammatory molecules, such as VCAM, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β [101].…”

Section: Other Potential Anti-oxidant Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis Development and Treatment

Poznyak

Grechko

Orekhova

et al. 2020

Biology

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Atherosclerosis can be regarded as chronic inflammatory disease affecting the arterial wall. Despite the recent progress in studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, some of the pathogenic mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Among these mechanisms is oxidative stress, which is closely linked to foam cells formation and other key events in atherosclerosis development. Two groups of enzymes are involved in the emergence of oxidative stress: Pro-oxidant (including NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidases, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and antioxidant (such as superoxide dismutase, catalases, and thioredoxins). Pro-oxidant enzymes in normal conditions produce moderate concentrations of reactive oxidant species that play an important role in cell functioning and can be fully utilized by antioxidant enzymes. Under pathological conditions, activities of both pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes can be modified by numerous factors that can be relevant for developing novel therapies. Recent studies have explored potential therapeutic properties of antioxidant molecules that are capable to eliminate oxidative damage. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. Other perspective approach is to inhibit the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes and thus to slow down the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review we summarized the current knowledge on oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and potential antioxidant approaches. We discuss several important antioxidant molecules of plant origin that appear to be promising for treatment of atherosclerosis.

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“…In fact, PEA has also been found in the seeds of some varieties of legumes, such as peas and beans, as well as in some varieties of vegetables, such as tomatoes and potatoes. Finally, high levels of PEA were also found in human, bovine, and moose milk [111][112][113].…”

Section: Peamentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The biosynthesis of PEA occurs through a common enzyme for the other NAEs, the selective phospholipase N-acyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine D (NAPE-PLD), starting from the hydrolysis of the precursor N-palmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (NAPE) [119]. PEA degradation occurs through the action of two separate enzymes: the first specific for PEA, the amidase of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolysing acid (NAAA), while the second, the FAAH enzyme, deputy to the hydrolysis of PEA and the other NAEs [111,116,117,120]. See Figure 1.…”

Section: Peamentioning

confidence: 99%

ALIAmides Update: Palmitoylethanolamide and Its Formulations on Management of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

D’Amico

Impellizzeri

Cuzzocrea

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Neuropathic pain results from lesions or diseases of the somatosensory nervous system and it remains largely difficult to treat. Peripheral neuropathic pain originates from injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and manifests as a series of symptoms and complications, including allodynia and hyperalgesia. The aim of this review is to discuss a novel approach on neuropathic pain management, which is based on the knowledge of processes that underlie the development of peripheral neuropathic pain; in particular highlights the role of glia and mast cells in pain and neuroinflammation. ALIAmides (autacoid local injury antagonist amides) represent a group of endogenous bioactive lipids, including palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which play a central role in numerous biological processes, including pain, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. These compounds are emerging thanks to their anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects, due to the down-regulation of activation of mast cells. Collectively, preclinical and clinical studies support the idea that ALIAmides merit further consideration as therapeutic approach for controlling inflammatory responses, pain, and related peripheral neuropathic pain.

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Therapeutic Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Its New Formulations in Synergy with Different Antioxidant Molecules Present in Diets

Cited by 43 publications

References 125 publications

A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging

A New Palmitoylethanolamide Form Combined with Antioxidant Molecules to Improve Its Effectivess on Neuronal Aging

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis Development and Treatment

ALIAmides Update: Palmitoylethanolamide and Its Formulations on Management of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

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