Therapeutic Potential of 6-Gingerol in Prevention of Colon Cancer Induced by Azoxymethane through the Modulation of Antioxidant Potential and Inflammation

Abstract

A polyphenolic component of ginger, 6-gingerol, is widely reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In the current study, it was aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of 6-gingerol (6-Gin) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in rats. The results reveal that 6-Gin treatment significantly improves the antioxidant status disturbed by AOM intoxication. The 6-Gin treatment animal group showed enhanced activity of catalase (CAT) (46.6 ± 6.4 vs. 23.3 ± 4.3 U/mg protein), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (81.3 ± 7.6 vs. 60.4 ± 3.5 U/mg protein) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (90.3 ± 9.4 vs 53.8 ± 10 mU/mg protein) (p < 0.05) as compared to the disease control group. Furthermore, the results reveal that AOM significantly enhances the inflammatory response and 6-gingerol potentially attenuates this response, estimated by markers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (1346 ± 67 vs. 1023 ± 58 pg/g), C-reactive protein (CRP) (1.12 ± 0.08 vs. 0.92 ± 0.7 ng/mL) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (945 ± 67 vs. 653 ± 33 pg/g). In addition, the lipid peroxidation estimated in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) provoked by AOM exposure is significantly reduced by 6-gingerol treatment (167 ± 7.5 vs. 128.3 nmol/g). Furthermore, 6-gingerol significantly maintains the colon tissue architecture disturbed by the AOM treatment. Loss of tumor suppressor protein, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression was noticed in the AOM treated group, whereas in the animals treated with 6-gingerol, the positivity of PTEN expression was high. In conclusion, the current findings advocate the health-promoting effects of 6-gingerol on colon cancer, which might be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals Potential Target Genes and PTEN Signaling in Breast Cancer and Effect of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on It

“…The study conducted by Aloliqi et al showed that the compound 6-gingerol can reduce the development of colon cancer produced by AOM. This effect is achieved by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, preserving the structural integrity of the colon tissue and maintaining the expression of the PTEN protein [ 70 ].…”

Spice-Derived Phenolic Compounds: Potential for Skin Cancer Prevention and Therapy

“…It has been found to induce apoptosis and suppress angiogenesis. Gingerol has also demonstrated the ability to modulate various signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression [434][435][436]. Furthermore, 6-gingerol has also been studied as a potential anticancer agent against skin cancers.…”

Response surface methodology of subcritical water-reactive extraction of gingerol to shogaol ginger dregs through ultraviolet light pretreatment

“…The bioactive components 6gingerol and 6-shogaol have a comparable chemical structure which is more profitable, be that as it may, 6-shogaol incorporates a more grounded dynamic control. Some ponders have appeared that 6-shogaol has more prominent viability than 6-gingerol, such as antioxidant action [3,[6][7][8], anti-inflammation activity [3,9,10], effect of anti-platelet aggregation [11], prevention of muscle contraction [12], prevention of colorectal cancer [13], ovarium cancer [14,15], breast cancer [16], and lung cancer [17,18]. The advancement of the 6 shogaol extraction handle coming about from the change of 6-gingerol from ginger mash has been carried out, including: extraction through a soxhletation device, subcritical water extraction [19], subcritical fluid extraction [20], hydrotropic extraction [21], microwave extraction [22], enzymatic extraction [23], ultrasonic extraction [24,25], and ionic liquid extraction [26].…”