Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue-Sourced Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Neural and Retinal Diseases

Abstract

Therapeutic agents that are able to prevent or attenuate inflammation and ischemia-induced injury of neural and retinal cells could be used for the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. Exosomes derived from adipose tissue-sourced mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC-Exos) are extracellular vesicles that contain neurotrophins, immunoregulatory and angio-modulatory factors secreted by their parental cells. AT-MSC-Exos are enriched with bioactive molecules (microRNAs (miRNAs), enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, immunoregulatory, trophic, and growth factors), that alleviate inflammation and promote the survival of injured cells in neural and retinal tissues. Due to the nano-sized dimension and bilayer lipid envelope, AT-MSC-Exos easily bypass blood–brain and blood–retinal barriers and deliver their cargo directly into the target cells. Accordingly, a large number of experimental studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases. By delivering neurotrophins, AT-MSC-Exos prevent apoptosis of injured neurons and retinal cells and promote neuritogenesis. AT-MSC-Exos alleviate inflammation in the injured brain, spinal cord, and retinas by delivering immunoregulatory factors in immune cells, suppressing their inflammatory properties. AT-MSC-Exos may act as biological mediators that deliver pro-angiogenic miRNAs in endothelial cells, enabling re-vascularization of ischemic neural and retinal tissues. Herewith, we summarized current knowledge about molecular mechanisms which were responsible for the beneficial effects of AT-MSC-Exos in the treatment of neural and retinal diseases, emphasizing their therapeutic potential in neurology and ophthalmology.

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Corneal Wound Repair by Regulating Inflammation and Angiogenesis

“…In our model, inflammatory markers were decreased in the corneal wounds receiving BMSC-EVs with respect to controls. The administration of BMSC-EVs allows us to instate an anti-inflammatory microenvironment through the delivery of anti-inflammatory proteins such as IL10 and IL5, IL1R2 [ 26 ], or the suppression of pro-inflammatory proteins by growth-related oncogene (GRO), as observed in a mouse model of dry eye disease [ 66 , 67 ]. In an inflammatory eye model, BMSC-EV-derived indoleamine 2–3 dioxygenase (IDO) promoted and established an immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory environment mediated by T-regulatory cells producing TGFβ and IL10 [ 68 ].…”

MiRNA regulated therapeutic potential of the stromal vascular fraction: Current clinical applications - A systematic review

“…As a result of the studied literature on the use of exosomal miRNAs obtained from ADSCs, several areas of medicine were identified in their potential clinical use, namely vascular diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, oncology (in order to address the issue of tumor resistance to therapy), immunology, etc. [ [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] ]. This data was presented in the Fig.…”

Combinational treatments of RNA interference and extracellular vesicles in the spinocerebellar ataxia

“…Extracellular vesicles can transmit NTFs, heat shock proteins, and others to promote the damaged neurons and maintain the stability and activity of proteins ( Backe et al, 2022 ; Harrell et al, 2022 ; Van den Broek et al, 2022 ). The proteins encoded by polyQ are the key to the pathogenesis of SCA, and Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 can promote the synthesis of correctly folded proteins and the degradation of misfolded proteins, prevent the aggregation of abnormal proteins and disaggregate the aggregation of abnormal proteins ( Johnson et al, 2020 ; Serlidaki et al, 2020 ).…”