Therapeutic Potential of Green Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles Against Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Background: The recent treatment challenges posed by the widespread emergence of pathogenic Multidrug‐Resistant (MDR) bacterial strains are a cause of huge health troubles worldwide. Infections caused by MDR organisms are associated with longer period of hospitalization, increased mortality, and inflated healthcare costs. Staphylococcus aureus is one of these MDR organisms identified as an urgent threat to human health by the World Health Organization. Infections caused by S. aureus may range from simple cutaneous infestations to life threatening bacteremia. S. aureus infections get easily escalated in severely ill, hospitalized and or immunocompromised patients with incapacitated immune system. Also, in HIV-positive patients S. aureus ranks amongst one of the most common comorbidities where it can further worsen a patient’s health condition. At present anti-staphylococcal therapy is reliant typically on chemotherapeutics that are gathering resistance and pose unfavorable side-effects. Thus, newer drugs are required that can bridge these shortcomings and aid effective control against S. aureus. Objective: In this review, we summarize drug resistance exhibited by S. aureus and lacunae in current anti-staphylococcal therapy, nanoparticles as an alternative therapeutic modality. The focus lays on various green synthesized nanoparticles, their mode of action and application as potent antibacterial compounds against S. aureus. Conclusion: Use of nanoparticles as anti-bacterial drugs has gained momentum in recent past and green synthesized nanoparticles, which involves microorganisms and plants or their byproducts for synthesis of nanoparticles offer a potent, as well as environment friendly solution in warfare against MDR bacte.

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide (Hematite) Nanoparticles and Their Influence on Sorghum bicolor Growth under Drought Stress

“…Green synthesis of nanoparticles must be considered as the preferred technique for plant treatment, due to its several advantages over chemical-based methods. In addition, to low toxicity levels, due to their affordability, green-synthesized NPs are easily scaled up for bulk production [ 36 ]. Although there are several kinds of green synthesis methods, the use of plant extracts is a common and the most preferred method, since plants are easily accessible and less toxic than microbes [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Green Synthesis of Copper‐oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Efficacy

“…[36,37] All these properties of copper oxide increase dramatically when it is manufactured on a nanoscale. [38] In fact, due to high surface area to volume ratio copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), have unique physical, chemical, and biological properties when compared to its bulk. [39] Numerous studies have been carried out on the green synthesis of CuONPs with plant extracts such as Coffea arabica, Camellia sinensis, Costus Pictus leaf extract and Juglans nigra leaf extracts.…”

“…[ 36,37 ] All these properties of copper oxide increase dramatically when it is manufactured on a nanoscale. [ 38 ] In fact, due to high surface area to volume ratio copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), have unique physical, chemical, and biological properties when compared to its bulk. [ 39 ]…”

Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Plant‐Mediated Silver Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Several studies report the use of plant extracts for the synthesis of AgNPs with significant antimicrobial activity. leaf extracts of moringa oleifera , [ 42 ] Green tea extract, [ 43 ] Salvia spinosa leaf extracts, [ 44 ] leaf extract of gymnema sylvestre , [ 45 ] leaf and root extract of berberis vulgaris , [ 46 ] Cassia toral root extracts, [ 47 ] sesame oil cake, [ 48 ] Phyla dulcis , [ 49 ] scutellaria barbata extract, [ 50 ] kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract, [ 17 ] vaccinium arctostaphlyos fruit extract , [ 51 ] glycosmis pentaphylla fruit extract, [ 52 ] extracts of Ilex paraguariensis , [ 53 ] and leaf extract of cissus quadarangularis . [ 54 ] In this report, the biomolecules present in the plant extract serve as reducing and/or capping agents in reaction with silver nitrate, a commonly used precursor in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.…”

“…Thus nanotherapeutics is one of the approaches that have been studied for the development of effective drugs against various bacterial infections. [17] Several studies have shown that nanotherapeutic agents have a faster onset of action in terms of their therapeutic effect, and also minimize side effects by reducing the daily doses required for a therapeutic effect. [18] Nanotechnology is the science of atomic, molecular, and supramolecular molecules, aimed at creating nanostructures with enhanced functionality, [19] and the term "nanoparticle" describes a particular matter ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm.…”