Therapeutic potential of plant sterols and stanols

Kerckhoffs, D.A.J.M.; Mensink, Ronald P.

doi:10.1097/00041433-200012000-00002

Cited by 76 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This reduction persisted after standardization for serum lipid concentrations, which indicated that this decrease is not attributable simply to a decreased number of LDL particles, a main carrier of the plasma carotenoids (12). Indeed, we have already shown that this reduction is significantly associated with the reduction of cholesterol absorption, as caused by the consumption of plant stanol esters (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation

Plat

Nichols

Mensink

2005

Journal of Lipid Research

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192

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Plant stanols and sterols of the 4-desmethyl family (e.g., sitostanol and sitosterol) effectively decrease LDL cholesterol concentrations, whereas 4,4-dimethylsterols ( ␣ -amyrin and lupeol) do not. Serum carotenoid concentrations, however, are decreased by both plant sterol families. The exact mechanisms underlying these effects are not known, although effects on micellar composition have been suggested. With a liver X receptor (LXR) coactivator peptide recruitment assay, we showed that plant sterols and stanols from the 4-desmethylsterol family activated both LXR ␣ and LXR ␤ , whereas 4,4-dimethyl plant sterols did not. In fully differentiated Caco-2 cells, the functionality of Foods enriched with plant stanol or sterol esters (socalled functional foods) have gained a prominent position in decreasing cardiovascular risk by dietary means (1). Indeed, numerous intervention trials have demonstrated that plant stanol/sterol esters consistently and dosedependently decrease serum LDL cholesterol concentrations in various populations and patient groups (2). The mechanism underlying this hypocholesterolemic effect is a reduction in cholesterol absorption from the intestinal lumen into the circulation, as explained through a competition between plant stanols/sterols and intestinal cholesterol for incorporation into mixed micelles (3). Whether this is indeed the main or the only mechanism is still unknown. In this respect, we earlier suggested that sitostanol may affect cholesterol metabolism within intestinal cells (4). Cellular cholesterol concentrations within enterocytes are determined by several routes, such as cholesterol uptake from the lumen as mediated by Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 and/or annexin 2/caveolin 1 complexes (5, 6); however, the role of caveolin 1 in this process has recently been questioned (7). Besides by changing uptake, cellular cholesterol levels can also be regulated by cholesterol secretion back into the intestinal lumen by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In a series of elegant experiments, Yu and coworkers (8-10) have shown that ABCG5 and ABCG8 are involved in the liver X receptor (LXR) agonist-induced reduction of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Thus, it is possible that cholesterol metabolism within the enterocyte may change as a result of LXR agonist activity of plant stanols or sterols or one of their (oxidized) metabolites. To have any effects within the enterocyte, however, it is necessary that these components are taken up by enterocytes, as has been demonstrated (11).Plant stanols/sterols decrease not only serum LDL cholesterol concentrations but also serum hydrocarbon carotenoid (i.e., ␣ -ϩ ␤ -carotene and lycopene) concentrations. This reduction persisted after standardization for serum lipid concentrations, which indicated that this decrease is not attributable simply to a decreased number of LDL particles, a main carrier of the plasma carotenoids (12). Indeed, we have already shown that this reduction is significantly associated with the reduction of cholesterol a...

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confidence: 67%

Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation

Plat

Nichols

Mensink

2005

Journal of Lipid Research

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192

146

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“…Numerous laboratory studies focused on their potential to reduce cholesterol absorption by the small intestine, [1][2][3][4] and cholesterol uptake by LDL. [5][6][7] In addition, it was reported that phytosterols prevent coronary heart disease, 8 and cardiovascular risks. [9][10][11] However, their potential to reduce the risk of cancer remains controversial.…”

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confidence: 99%

Different apoptotic mechanisms are involved in the antiproliferative effects of 7β-hydroxysitosterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol in human colon cancer cells

et al. 2004

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Plant sterols are found in fruits and vegetables. Their cholesterol-lowering effect is well documented. Our study aimed at comparing antiproliferative effects of 7b-hydroxysitosterol (7b-OHsito) versus 7b-hydroxycholesterol (7b-OHchol) on the human colon cancer cell line Caco-2. When cells were exposed for 32 h to 60 lM 7b-OHsito or to 30 lM 7b-OHchol, both compounds caused 50% growth inhibition. Cells treated with 7b-OHsito showed enhanced caspase-9 and -3 activities followed by DNA fragmentation. In contrast, 7b-OHchol did not activate caspase-3 and activation of caspase-9 and DNA fragmentation were delayed. The treatment of cells with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk retarded the 7b-OHsito-induced apoptotic process but not that triggered by 7b-OHchol. Our data suggest that the two compounds in spite of their structural similarities target different cellular pathways, which lead to cell death.

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“…Cholesterol lowering effect of phytosterols and coronary heart diseases:The cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol/stanol enriched foods has been well documented (Law 2000 andPlat et al, 2000). Systematic reviews studying the efficacy of phytosterols have shown that phytosterol/ (Law, 2000;Normen et al, 2005).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action and Health Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosterol and its esters as novel food ingredients: A review

Chawla

Sivakumar

Goel

2016

AJDFR

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Phytosterols or stanols are large group of compounds found exclusively in plants. These are naturally present in plants and are structurally similar to cholesterol. A daily intake of 3 g of phytosterol (or their reduced form stanols) is associated with consistent and reproducible reduction in LDL cholesterol concentrations upto 10% and reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by 20% over a lifetime. Studies have concluded that the effective doses for reduction of cholesterol are between 1.5 and 3g/day, leading to decrease in 8% and 15% of LDL-cholesterol. The principal mechanism of action is based on interference with the solubilization of the cholesterol in the intestinal mucosa. Several studies have validated the cholesterol lowering effect of phytosterols and stanols along with its role in prevention of coronary heart diseases. Plant sterols and stanols appear to be unhazardous to health in a large number of human studies and no evidence of toxicity even at high dose levels has been reported. Changing lifestyle, constant stress and risk towards various diseases have necessitated the need of such vital neutraceuticals to be incorporated in diet and daily food items. Such new foods and formulations should pave the way for greater use of phytosterols in heart health promotion, increasing the long term potential for the creation of innovative functional foods containing plant sterols and their derivatives.

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Therapeutic potential of plant sterols and stanols

Cited by 76 publications

References 25 publications

Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation

Plant sterols and stanols: effects on mixed micellar composition and LXR (target gene) activation

Different apoptotic mechanisms are involved in the antiproliferative effects of 7β-hydroxysitosterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol in human colon cancer cells

Phytosterol and its esters as novel food ingredients: A review

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