Therapeutic role of immunomodulators during the COVID-19 pandemic– a narrative review

Alhajeri, Hebah; Baroun, Fatemah; Abutiban, Fatemah; Almutairi, Muna; Ali, Yasser; Al-Awadhi, Adel; Albasri, Anwar; Aldei, Ali; Alenizi, Ahmad; Alhadhood, Naser; Al‐Herz, Adeeba; Alkadi, Amjad; W, Alkanderi; A, Almathkoori; Almutairi, Nora; S, Alsayegh; A, Alturki; Bahbahani, Husain; Dehrab, Ahmad; Ghanem, A.; Hasan, Eman; Hayat, Sawsan; Saleh, Khuloud; Tarakmeh, Hoda

doi:10.1080/00325481.2022.2033563

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 207 publications

(203 reference statements)

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“…Critical and severe COVID-19 forms, constituting 2–5% and 15% of cases, respectively, are assumed to occur from SARS-CoV-2-induced autoinflammatory syndrome, both at systemic and pulmonary levels, in which a dysregulated immune response, due to overflowing cytokine production and release, leads to widespread tissue and vascular damages [ 30 ]. Viral infections and autoimmune pathologies are known to be correlated to an abnormal immune response known as a “cytokine storm”, characterized by an excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 31 , 32 ]. Host tissue toxicity, multiple-organ failure, and high fever are the most common effects of this syndrome, which could result in a fatal outcome.…”

Section: Cytokine Storm and Rationale For Il-6 Inhibitor Administrati...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarilumab Administration in COVID-19 Patients: Literature Review and Considerations

Marino

Munafò

Augello

et al. 2022

Infectious Disease Reports

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Two years have passed since WHO declared a pandemic state for SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 pathogenesis consists of a first viral phase responsible for early symptoms followed by an inflammatory phase, cytokine-mediated, responsible for late-onset manifestations up to ARDS. The dysregulated immune response has an outstanding role in the progression of pulmonary damage in COVID-19. IL-6, through the induction of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, plays a key role in the development and maintenance of inflammation, acting as a pioneer of the hyperinflammatory condition and cytokine storm in severe COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting both IL-6 and IL-6 receptors have been evaluated in order to blunt the abnormal SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine release. Sarilumab, a high-affinity anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, may represent a promising weapon to treat the fearsome hyperinflammatory phase by improving the outcome of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Further prospective and well-designed clinical studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed to assess the efficacy and the safety of this therapeutic approach to achieve improved outcomes in COVID-19.

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Section: Cytokine Storm and Rationale For Il-6 Inhibitor Administrati...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarilumab Administration in COVID-19 Patients: Literature Review and Considerations

Marino

Munafò

Augello

et al. 2022

Infectious Disease Reports

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“…The largest RCTs on the clinical efficacy of TCZ are the RECOVERY and REMAP-CAP trials, both of which demonstrated mortality benefits and a decrease in mechanical ventilation therapy. The RECOVERY trial clearly reported the efficacy of combined TCZ and DEX in comparison with DEX monotherapy, with mortality rates of 29% and 35%, respectively [ 84 ].…”

Section: Immune Modulator Therapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic

Mir

Aamir

Shah

et al. 2022

PHRP

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…While those combination therapies with both or more biomacromolecules, like antibody, nanobody, convalescent plasma or some other therapeutic proteins like interferon, are not included. You may read another relative review for this kind of combination therapies [43]. We deem that this review would provide an option for the scientific and rational therapeutic alliance against COVID-19.…”

Section: Combination Therapy As a Treatment Strategy Blocking One Or ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination Therapies against COVID-19

Luo¹,

Zheng²,

Zhang³

2022

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was announced as a pandemic leading to devastating economic and medical burden worldwide. The virus attacks the organ system across the body by binding to its receptor (for example, angiotensin converting enzyme 2) on the surface of the host cell of various organs. The patients present with a variety of pathological symptoms ranging from fever, cough and cytokine storm to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Many combination therapies have been developed to combat the disease, via blocking one or more processes of the viral life cycle and/or relieving host complications simultaneously. In this review, the progress of those combination therapies containing at least one small molecule is updated. We believe it'll provide significant inspiration for further development of treatment strategy against SARS-CoV-2, especially its mutant variants.

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Therapeutic role of immunomodulators during the COVID-19 pandemic– a narrative review

Cited by 12 publications

References 207 publications

Sarilumab Administration in COVID-19 Patients: Literature Review and Considerations

Sarilumab Administration in COVID-19 Patients: Literature Review and Considerations

Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic

Combination Therapies against COVID-19

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