Therapeutic significance of thymoquinone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats: In vitro and in vivo functional analysis
“…5 . C) spherical shape, whereas high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Tq-CsNPs with a narrow field of view showed that the resulting Tq-CsNPs were shaped like rhombohedra [ 38 ]. Fig.…”
“…5 . C) spherical shape, whereas high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Tq-CsNPs with a narrow field of view showed that the resulting Tq-CsNPs were shaped like rhombohedra [ 38 ]. Fig.…”
“…The concentration of the solution was 2 mg/ml. Dropwise addition of TPP solution on chitosan solution at a ratio of 3:1 ( v/v , chitosan: TPP) under magnetic stirring (1,000 rpm) at room temperature and sonication (20 minutes) ( Hosni et al , 2022 ). To guarantee optimal stability of the properties of the NPs and to provide the most effective protection for the drug, the chitosan particle dispersion was subjected to a process involving cooling, centrifugation at a speed of 14,000 revolutions per minute for a duration of 20 minutes, and subsequent lyophilization.…”
Background:
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe condition distinguished by inflammation and impaired gas exchange in the lungs. Staphylococcus Aureus, a common bacterium, can cause ALI through its virulence factors. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used to treat a variety of illnesses due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Chitosan nanoparticles is biocompatible and totally biodegradable material have shown potential in drug delivery systems.
Aim:
To explore antibacterial activity of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AV-CS-NPs) against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo with advanced techniques.
Methods:
The antibacterial efficacy of AV-CS-NPs was evaluated through a broth microdilution assay. Additionally, the impact of AV-CS-NPs on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced ALI in rats was examined by analyzing the expression of genes linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, rat lung tissue was scanned histologically. The rats were divided into three groups: control, ALI, and treatment with AV-CS-NPs.
Results:
The AV-CS-NPs that were prepared exhibited clustered semispherical and spherical forms, having an average particle size of approximately 60 nm. These nanoparticles displayed a diverse structure with an uneven distribution of particle sizes. The maximum entrapment efficiency of 95.5%±1.25 was achieved. The obtained findings revealed that The MIC and MBC values were determined to be 5 and 10 ug/mL, respectively, indicating the potent bactericidal effect of the nanoparticles. Also, S. aureus infected rats explored upregulation in the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to healthy control groups. AV-CS-NPs treatment reverses the case where there was repression in mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 compared to S. aureus-treated rats.
Conclusion:
These nanoparticles can serve as potential candidates for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents.
“…For CHS, the broad peak at 3420 cm−1 corresponds to overlapping O-H and N-H stretches. Peak broadening in CHSNPs suggests hydrogen bond formation[22]. The FTIR spectrum of dextrin is shown in the same figure.…”
Nanotechnology can offer various non-invasive and efficient alternative delivery strategies for insulin injections to enhance the quality of life of diabetic patients. The current research was aimed to fabricate a de novo oral formula of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles coated with dextrin and pectin (INS-CN/DP) to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of oral insulin. INS-CN/DP nano-formula was prepared using ionic gelation technique and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and DLS. Insulin loading capacity and entrapment efficiency (LC%, EE%), release profile, and kinetic study was conducted for INS-CN/DP nano-formula. Next, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic efficiency of INS-CN/DP nano-formula were studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by measuring fasting and postprandial glucose, the activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, liver glycogen content, and gene expression levels of glucokinase and Glucose transporter-2. Characterization results confirmed the formation of INSCN/DP nanoparticles with LC% =26.2 ± 0.56 and EE% 69.3 ± 2.75, respectively. Size average was 282.8 nm and nearly 25% of loaded insulin released after 4 hrs vs 48% for unloaded insulin. In vivo results displayed that oral administration of INS-CN/DP nanoparticles showed highly significant hypoglycemic and antidiabetic efficacy in diabetic rats compared to unloaded oral insulin. Oral INS-CN/DP nano-formula is promising alternative for insulin injections and can be suggested as non-invasive and effective diabetes therapy
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