Therapeutic Targeting of Regulated Signaling Pathways of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Abstract

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common cancer globally. Phytochemicals and small molecule inhibitors significantly prevent varying types of cancers, including NSCLC. These therapeutic molecules serve as important sources for new drugs that interfere with cellular proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis by regulating signaling pathways. These molecules affect several cellular signaling cascades, including p53, NF-κB, STAT3, RAS, MAPK/ERK, Wnt, and AKT/PI3K, and are thus implicated in the therapeutic management of cancers. This review aims to describe the bioactive compounds and small-molecule inhibitors, their anticancer action, and targeting cellular signaling cascades in NSCLC. We highlighted the therapeutic potential of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Perifosine, ABT-737, Thymoquinine, Quercetin, Venetoclax, Gefitinib, and Genistein. These compounds are implicated in the therapeutic management of NSCLC. This review further offers deeper mechanistic insights into different signaling pathways that could be targeted for NSCLC therapy by phytochemicals and small-molecule inhibitors.

Chlorogenic Acid and Cinnamaldehyde in Combination Inhibit Metastatic Traits and Induce Apoptosis via Akt Downregulation in Breast Cancer Cells

“…The wound-healing assay conducted to assess the impact of CGA–CA on breast cancer cell migration revealed the ability of the phytochemicals to completely shut down the motility of both breast cancer cell types. Our CGA–CA treatment results are similar to findings of other phytochemical combinations’ impacts on breast and non-breast cancer cells, as previously reported in [ 37 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

“…Phytochemicals have been reported to modulate the Akt pathway in different types of cancer cells [ 13 , 60 , 61 , 65 ]. However, there are limitations to our study.…”

MicroRNAs: An Overview of their Discovery, Biogenesis, Computational Prediction, and Potential Clinical Applications

“…In melanoma, targeted therapy for molecules miR-21, miR-125b, miR-150, miR-155, miR-205, and miR-211 were searched with their prognostic value and processed to delete their onco-miRNA action. The foremost molecular deregulated cascades (e.g., MITF cascades, the p16INK4A-CDK4-RB cascades, the RAS/MAPK cascades and the PI3K-AKT) combine with miRNAs, thus give an insight about the metastatic and destructive features of melanoma [46].…”

Euphorbiasteroid Induces Apoptosis as Well as Autophagy through Modulating SHP-1/STAT3 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

“…The abnormal expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is observed in various malignancies, including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, and liver cancer [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. This transcription factor is involved in various cell activities, such as growth, proliferation, metastasis, and survival [ 6 , 7 ]. STAT3 is phosphorylated by the protein kinases Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) and Src, and STAT3 phosphorylation is inhibited by protein phosphatases such as SHP-1, SHP-2, and the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) epsilon [ 8 , 9 ].…”