Therapeutic Versus Preventative Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice

Abstract

The main bioactive constituents in the standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb 761) are the terpene lactones and flavonoid glycosides. EGb 761’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have previously been demonstrated. Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers have a multifactorial etiology and represent a major restriction to its therapeutic utility. The underlying ulcerogenic process involves oxidative and inflammatory biomolecular insults. This study was performed to explore the curative and preventative benefits of EGb 761 in experimentally-induced ulcers. To develop gastric ulcers in mice, indomethacin (40 mg/kg) was administered orally. EGb 761 (200 mg/kg) was given by gavage for 7 days before (preventative) and after (therapeutic) indomethacin administration. The histological alterations and macroscopic mucosal lesions were assessed. In gastric tissue homogenates, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytokines, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the stomach mucosa were also investigated. The ulcer index, histological alterations, gastric oxidants, and inflammatory biomarkers were all significantly increased by indomethacin. In stomach specimens, it increased COX-2 and PCNA expression. EGb 761 treatments, both prophylactic and therapeutic, resulted in significant reductions in ulcer lesions, nitrosative and oxidative damage, and inflammatory markers, along with the lowering of COX-2 and PCNA expressions. Furthermore, in the fight against stomach ulcers, EGb 761 treatment was found to be more efficient than prevention.

Morphology of migrating telocytes and their potential role in stem cell differentiation during cartilage development in catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

“…The staining procedure (Abd‐Eldayem et al, 2022) was as follows: Blocking serum (Dako) was applied for 5 min at room temperature to block non‐specific background staining, followed by incubation in a primary antibody (Table 2). After incubation, the slides were washed with PBS (pH 7.4, three times × 5 min), followed by incubation with secondary antibody (Table 2) for 30 min at room temperature.…”

“…Negative imaging (as shown in the Supplementary Figures) was undertaken using CMEIAS Color Segmentation, an improved computing technology used to process color images by segmenting the foreground object of interest from the background (Gross et al, 2010). This was achieved following the manufacturer's instructions and as previously published (Abd‐Eldayem et al, 2022; Grover et al, 2002; Mustafa et al, 2022; Mustafa & El‐Zahraa, 2019; Soliman, Abd‐Elhafeez, et al, 2022; Soliman, Emeish, & Abdel‐Hafeez, 2022; Yousef et al, 2022).…”

Tamarix aphylla derived metabolites ameliorate indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway, alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation: In vivo study supported by pharmacological network analysis

“…antioxidant properties, making them valuable in the management of various disorders [85]. Additionally, T. aphylla has been found to have diverse biological importance, including antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, treatment of periodontal diseases, anticholinesterase, analgesic, anti-diabetic, and cytotoxic activities [35].…”

“…In contrast to the control group, the rats that were subjected to indomethacin displayed heightened levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [96]. Prior research has found compelling evidence of a significant rise in proinflammatory cytokines in indomethacin induced gastric ulcer emphasizing the crucial role of pro inflammatory cytokines in the development of gastric ulcer [85,97,98]. Pre-treatment with a crude leaf extract of T. aphylla, in contrast, exhibited inhibitory effects on the upregulation of TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-6 levels, and even restored these cytokines to their baseline levels.…”