Therapeutics for type-2 diabetes mellitus: a glance at the recent inclusions and novel agents under development for use in clinical practice

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive, and multifaceted illness resulting in significant physical and psychological detriment to patients. As of 2019, 463 million people are estimated to be living with DM worldwide, out of which 90% have type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Over the years, significant progress has been made in identifying the risk factors for developing T2DM, understanding its pathophysiology and uncovering various metabolic pathways implicated in the disease process. This has culminated in the implementation of robust prevention programmes and the development of effective pharmacological agents, which have had a favourable impact on the management of T2DM in recent times. Despite these advances, the incidence and prevalence of T2DM continue to rise. Continuing research in improving efficacy, potency, delivery and reducing the adverse effect profile of currently available formulations is required to keep pace with this growing health challenge. Moreover, new metabolic pathways need to be targeted to produce novel pharmacotherapy to restore glucose homeostasis and address metabolic sequelae in patients with T2DM. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for recently included agents and novel medication under development for treatment of T2DM. We discuss the pathophysiology of T2DM and review how the emerging anti-diabetic agents target the metabolic pathways involved. We also look at some of the limiting factors to developing new medication and the introduction of unique methods, including facilitating drug delivery to bypass some of these obstacles. However, despite the advances in the therapeutic options for the treatment of T2DM in recent years, the industry still lacks a curative agent.

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety and Tolerability of Sotagliflozin After Multiple Ascending Doses in Chinese Healthy Subjects

“…Not related 1 (16.7%) [1] 3 (33.3%) [3] 1 (11.1%) [1] 4 (22.2%) [4] Related 1 (16.7%) [1] 4 (44.4%) [5] 4 (44.4%) [9] 8 (44.4%) [14] Abbreviations: N, number of subjects; nS, number of subjects with an adverse event; %, percentage of subjects with an adverse event (nS/ N×100); nE, number of adverse events; SAE, serious adverse event; TEAE, treatment-emergent adverse event. reported, with each TEAE in 1 (11.1%) subject.…”

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global epidemic posing a significant health threat to people around the world. 1 According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the global diabetes prevalence in 2021 is estimated to be 537 million people, rising to 643 million by 2030 and 784 million by 2045. China has the largest population of patients with diabetes in a single country.…”

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“…SGLT1, on the other hand, is a high-affinity but low-capacity transporter which mediates the absorption of glucose mainly in the small intestine but also accounts for the reabsorption of approximately 3% of the filtered glucose from the S3 segment of the PCT. 6,14 Erythrocytosis, polycythaemia and haematocrit (Hct)…”

Synthesis and molecular docking studies of new aryl imeglimin derivatives as a potent antidiabetic agent in a diabetic zebrafish model

“…Genetic and environmental factors, such as obesity and sedentary behaviors, also play a role in its development 2 , 3 . The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) predicts that diabetes will affect around 700 million people worldwide in the next two decades, leading to a significant economic impact due to its rising incidence and prevalence 4 , 5 . The cornerstone of treating T2DM lies in lifestyle modifications, including maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular exercise, and adopting a balanced diet 6 .…”