“…Meta-analysis has also been used to isolate common factors such as clients' expectations (Barker, Funk, & Houston, 1988). Maione and Chenail (1999) noted that qualitative research methods have been used extensively to examine common factors in a variety of domains, and they have much promise both in terms of outcome assessment and as a means to improve treatment along the way (e.g., Bischoff, McKeel, Moon, & Sprenkle, 1996; Steenbarger, Smith, & Budman, 1996). If we are to operate from a common factors perspective, much more knowledge, and more specific knowledge, is needed.…”