Effective vaccines consist of 2 components: immunodominant antigens and effective adjuvants. Whereas it has been demonstrated that targeted delivery of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) improves vaccine efficacy, we report here that co-targeting of TLR ligands (TLRLs) to DCs strongly enhances adjuvanticity and immunity. We encapsulated ligands for intracellular TLRs within biodegradable nanoparticles coated with Abs recognizing DC-specific receptors. Targeted delivery of TLRLs to human DCs enhanced the maturation and production of immune stimulatory cytokines and the Ag-specific activation of naive CD8 ؉ T cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that nanoparticles carrying Ag induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses at 100-fold lower adjuvant dose when TLRLs were co-encapsulated instead of administered in soluble form. Moreover, the efficacy of these targeted TLRLs reduced the serum cytokine storm and related toxicity that is associated with administration of soluble TLRLs. We conclude that the targeted delivery of adjuvants may improve the efficacy and safety of DC-based vaccines. (Blood. 2011;118(26):6836-6844)
IntroductionMost vaccines currently on the market are based on the induction of long-lived Ab responses. A major challenge is the generation of vaccines that, next to Abs, also induce Ag-specific killing of pathogen-infected cells or tumor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This might open new opportunities for the treatment of cancer or persistent viral infections, for which induction of strong cellular immunity seems to be essential. 1 Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that play a key role in regulating adaptive immunity, and both preclinical and clinical studies have exploited DCs in an attempt to induce antiviral or antitumor CTL responses. Most of these studies explored ex vivo Ag loading of autologous monocyte-derived DCs that were readministered to the patient, a laborious and costly procedure. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors, such as C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) that mediate Ag uptake, allow for a more direct strategy by targeting Ags to DCs in vivo. Some of these CLRs are restricted to APCs, such as macrophages or DCs. Therefore, targeted delivery exploiting CLRs has already been demonstrated to enhance Ag presentation and results in immunity when DC maturation stimuli such as TLR ligands (TLRLs) are co-administered. 2 TLRs constitute a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger immune cell activation. Consequently, natural TLRLs and their mimetics are increasingly being applied in immunotherapeutic strategies. 3 TLRLs are potent inducers of innate immune responses and have been evaluated as monotherapies to treat infection and cancer. 4,5 In addition, TLRLs have been applied as adjuvants to stimulate adaptive immune responses. 3 We hypothesized that targeted delivery of both Ag and TLRLs directly to DCs may greatly enhance immune responses. This approach would guarantee that the APCs that take up Ag are...