There are no differences in brachial artery endothelial shear stress and blood flow patterns between males and females during exercise

Gurovich, Alvaro N.; Rodriguez, Lisa; Morales-Acuña, Francisco

doi:10.1111/cpf.12722

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Finally, the results of the current study showed no sex differences in any of the exercise modalities at any of the intensities. This is consistent with previous findings from our laboratory when assessing the brachial artery during cycle-ergometry at low, moderate, and high intensities ( Gurovich et al, 2021b ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…During sub-maximal exercise sets (sessions 3 and 4), real-time carotid artery longitudinal images and blood flow velocity were recorded with a 12 MHz ultrasound transducer and Doppler, (LA435, MyLab30 Gold, Esaote, Firenze, Italy), which has secure with a cervical probe holder placed on the participant’s neck as previously described ( Gurovich et al, 2021b ; Morales-Acuna et al, 2020 ). Ultrasound images and Doppler signals were obtained on the common carotid artery 2 cm below the bifurcation of the anterior and posterior carotid arteries and then analyzed with edge detection technology (Vascular Analysis Integrative System, Medical Imaging Applications, Coralville, IA, United States) and a data acquisition system (MP150WSW, BIOPAC Systems Inc., Goleta, CA, United States) ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of laminar or turbulent flow was defined via Re, where undisturbed laminar flow values were < 200, disturbed blood flow values between 200–1800, and turbulent flow values > 2000 ( Davies, 2009 ). Both ESS and Re were determined within a single cardiac cycle to minimize the effects that heart rate and cardiac output have in ESS, as previousle described ( Gurovich and Braith, 2012 ; Morales-Acuna et al, 2019 ; Rascon et al, 2020 ; Gurovich et al, 2021b ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Blood Flow Patterns and Endothelial Shear Stress at the Carotid Artery Using Different Exercise Modalities and Intensities

Montalvo

Gomez²,

Lozano³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Endothelial dysfunction is the first pathophysiological step of atherosclerosis, which is responsible for 90% of strokes. Exercise programs aim to reduce the risk of developing stroke; however, the majority of the beneficial factors of exercise are still unknown. Endothelial shear stress (ESS) is associated with endothelial homeostasis. Unfortunately, ESS has not been characterized during different exercise modalities and intensities in the carotid artery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine exercise-induced blood flow patterns in the carotid artery. Fourteen apparently healthy young adults (males = 7, females = 7) were recruited for this repeated measures study design. Participants completed maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) tests on a Treadmill, Cycle-ergometer, and Arm-ergometer, and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests of the Squat, Bench Press (Bench), and Biceps Curl (Biceps) on separate days. Thereafter, participants performed each exercise at 3 different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high) while a real-time ultrasound image and blood flow of the carotid artery was obtained. Blood flow patterns were assessed by estimating ESS via Womersley’s estimation and turbulence via Reynold’s number (Re). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Pairwise comparisons with Holm-Bonferroni correction were conducted with Hedge’s g effect size to determine the magnitude of the difference. There was a main effect of intensity, exercise modality, and intensity * exercise modality interaction on both ESS (p < 0.001). Treadmill at a high intensity yielded the greatest ESS when compared to the other exercise modalities and intensities, while Bench Press and Biceps curls yielded the least ESS. All exercise intensities across all modalities resulted in turbulent blood flow. Clinicians must take into consideration how different exercise modalities and intensities affect ESS and Re of the carotid artery.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Blood Flow Patterns and Endothelial Shear Stress at the Carotid Artery Using Different Exercise Modalities and Intensities

Montalvo

Gomez²,

Lozano³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…First, we must validate the framework's utility by comparing its efficacy and safety to other assay methods in randomized clinical trials. In a forthcoming work, we will evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on the risk of developing blood coagulation disorders using data collected from real subjects [46,47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombin Generation Thresholds for Coagulation Initiation under Flow

Bouchnita,

Yadav,

Llored

et al. 2023

Axioms

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In veins, clotting initiation displays a threshold response to flow intensity and injury size. Mathematical models can provide insights into the conditions leading to clot growth initiation under flow for specific subjects. However, it is hard to determine the thrombin generation curves that favor coagulation initiation in a fast manner, especially when considering a wide range of conditions related to flow and injury size. In this work, we propose to address this challenge by using a neural network model trained with the numerical simulations of a validated 2D model for clot formation. Our surrogate model approximates the results of the 2D simulations, reaching an accuracy of 94% on the test dataset. We used the trained artificial neural network to determine the threshold for thrombin generation parameters that alter the coagulation initiation response under varying flow speed and injury size conditions. Our model predictions show that increased levels of the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and peak thrombin concentration increase the likelihood of coagulation initiation, while an elevated time to peak decreases coagulation. The lag time has a small effect on coagulation initiation, especially when the injury size is small. Our surrogate model can be considered as a proof-of-concept of a tool that can be deployed to estimate the risk of bleeding in specific patients based on their Thrombin Generation Assay results.

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“…[3][4][5] The results of the present study challenge this paradigm. On the one hand, and based on in vivo data, 16,26 endothelial shear stress observed in the bifurcated slide would have produced significant turbulent flow at the bifurcation. On the other hand, changes in actin expression showed beneficial effects of turbulent flow at the bifurcation site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Exercise-Induced Endothelial Shear Stress Protects the Vascular Endothelium

Amador

Huerta

García

et al. 2022

Cardiopulm Phys Ther J

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To determine whether exercise-induced levels of endothelial shear stress (ESS) observed in vivo upregulates endothelial protective proteins in vitro. Methods: In vivo carotid ESS was obtained from previously published data. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were seeded in a collagen-coated Y-luer slides with a bifurcation that mimics the common carotid artery and its bifurcation. Four duplicate groups were exposed to 5 hours of resting ESS (18 dynes/cm 2 ) followed by 1 hour of ESS at 18 dynes/cm 2 3 heart rate (HR) 60 pulses per minute (ppm) (control), 35 dynes/cm 2 3 HR 100 ppm (low), 50 dynes/cm 2 3 HR 120 ppm (moderate), or 60 dynes/cm 2 3 HR 150 ppm (high). After ESS exposure, cells were stained to identify cell nucleus, phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (eNOSp), and intracellular actin concentrations using immunohistochemistry. Confocal microscopy images captured areas exposed to varying degrees of shear stress within the "common" artery, the bifurcation, and the distal branches of the bifurcation. Results: Images showed a higher expression of eNOSp and actin that is generally intensity and location dependent. High shear stress (HSS) showed the greatest eNOSp expression compared with all conditions at the afterbifurcation site (P , .05). Interestingly, HSS continued to result in greater expression of actin at the bifurcation site across all 4 intensities, where blood flow is known to be more turbulent. Conclusions: These findings may support the hypothesis that high shear stress plays an important protective endothelial role in relation to individualized exercise prescription as a contribution to precision medicine. Impact Statement: Endurance exercise intensity has a direct impact in endothelial cell homeostasis at the physiological and molecular levels. When a physical therapist prescribes endurance exercise for cardiovascular diseases, the goal should be to deliver precision medicine to enhance patient's health outcomes.

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There are no differences in brachial artery endothelial shear stress and blood flow patterns between males and females during exercise

Cited by 6 publications

References 52 publications

Differences in Blood Flow Patterns and Endothelial Shear Stress at the Carotid Artery Using Different Exercise Modalities and Intensities

Differences in Blood Flow Patterns and Endothelial Shear Stress at the Carotid Artery Using Different Exercise Modalities and Intensities

Thrombin Generation Thresholds for Coagulation Initiation under Flow

In Vitro Exercise-Induced Endothelial Shear Stress Protects the Vascular Endothelium

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