There is increasing evidence to suggest that brain inflammation could play a key role in the aetiology of psychiatric illness. Could inflammation be a cause of the premenstrual syndromes PMS and PMDD?

Bannister, Emma

doi:10.1177/2053369119875386

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A sequence of local and inter-cellular inflammatory interactions in the endometrium occurs in the late luteal phase due to the decline in estradiol and progesterone levels, which have antiinflammatory properties [33]. The magnitude of cyclic changes in inflammatory markers is not the same in all women, and some researchers indicate an essential role of chronic inflammation in PMS etiology [13,14]. One of the proposed hypotheses that seems crucial to fully understand PMS and inflammation's potential connection is altered sensitivity to physiological hormonal fluctuations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can lead to many diseases [11], and they are also considered possible factors of PMS development [12,13]. It is known that women of reproductive age experience alternation of inflammation status during the menstrual cycle [14]. Until now, relatively many studies have been conducted in which individual biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed in the PMS context; however, although their results are inconsistent, no literature review has been performed to order and summarize them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Premenstrual Syndrome Associated with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status? A Systematic Review of Case–Control and Cross-Sectional Studies

Granda¹,

Szmidt²,

Kałuża³

2021

Antioxidants

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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cyclically occurring combination of various symptoms, leading to decreased life quality among approximately 30% of women of childbearing age. PMS etiology remains unknown; however, there are some suggestions that inappropriate inflammatory response and oxidative stress are involved. This study aimed to systematically review case–control and cross-sectional studies investigating inflammation markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status among women with PMS and controls. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42020178545), and the authors followed the guidelines for performing a systemic review recommended by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). By searching PubMed and Scopus databases (up to 8 January 2021), six case–control studies and five cross-sectional studies of medium or high quality were classified to the review. The systematic review included 652 women with PMS and 678 controls, for whom 36 eligible markers were determined. Limited evidence indicates increased levels of inflammatory parameters and suggests decreased antioxidant status in PMS women. Insufficient data with inconsistent results made it impossible to formulate a firm conclusion on the contribution of oxidative stress in PMS occurrence. To acknowledge the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant status in the pathophysiology of PMS, further research with case–control design and large study groups is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Premenstrual Syndrome Associated with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status? A Systematic Review of Case–Control and Cross-Sectional Studies

Granda¹,

Szmidt²,

Kałuża³

2021

Antioxidants

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“…Persistent low estrogen level in the luteal phase may contribute to the vulnerability of the women to emotional symptoms, but not directly to PMDD symptoms. For example, the lower estrogen in the luteal phase might contribute to susceptibility to inflammatory reaction and indirectly support the role of inflammation mechanism in PMDD [25]. However, these claims need to be evaluated in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thys-Jacobs et al [24] demonstrated a low free luteal estradiol level among women with PMDD. The brain inflammation had been suggested to be a factor contributing to PMDD [25]. The anti-inflammatory effect of estrogen was suggested to play a role in the link between estrogen drop and premenstrual symptoms in the luteal phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early- and Late-Luteal-Phase Estrogen and Progesterone Levels of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Yen

Lin

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Objective/introduction: The dynamics of ovarian hormone fluctuations during the luteal phase of the menstruation cycle were previously suggested to contribute to the development of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms, but adequate empirical evidence has not been obtained from hormone concentration studies. We prospectively evaluated estrogen and progesterone levels in the early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phases in women with PMDD and the association of these levels with PMDD symptom severity. Methods: 63 women with PMDD and 53 controls without such severe symptoms were evaluated for the estrogen and progesterone levels, and PMDD severity in the EL and LL phases. Results: The results demonstrated that the women with PMDD had a lower EL-phase estrogen level than the controls. Covariant analysis demonstrated that the interaction term between EL-phase estrogen and EL-phase progesterone level was associated with PMDD severity. Among women with lower EL estrogen levels, higher EL-phase progesterone was observed among the women with PMDD versus controls. These results suggest that low EL-phase estrogen level could moderate the provoking effect of EL progesterone in women with PMDD. Overall, these data suggest a possible role of estrogen and progesterone in the development of PMDD symptoms.

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“…[ 8 – 10 ] Mounting evidence suggests that brain abnormalities, including abnormal brain structure and function and inflammation, may contribute to PMS/PMDD etiology. [ 11 – 13 ] Moreover, elevated cerebellar gray matter volume, as well as metabolism, has been detailed in PMDD. Additionally, differential corticolimbic stimulation in response to emotional stimuli differentiates the PMDD brain, particularly amplified amygdalar and reduced frontocortical role.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional Chinese medicine on treating premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Gao

Sun

et al. 2020

Medicine

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Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are common disorders that manifest themselves in the late luteal phase, and significantly interfere with an individual's daily activities. Clinical evidence suggests that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may ease PMS/PMDD symptoms. Here, we review a protocol for exploring the effectiveness and safety of TCM in PMS/PMDD management. Methods: We will conduct a literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCT) for TCM use in PMS/PMDD on PubMed, web of science, EMBASE, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials (Cochrane Library), Chinese national knowledge infrastructure, Chinese VIP Information, Wanfang, as well as Chinese biomedical literature database. The search included all relevant reports for up to June 1, 2020. The search results were independently analyzed by 2 reviewers who extracted the data. RCT quality will be assessed using the risk-of-bias tool. The evidence will be inspected using the grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluation (GRADE). We will utilize Stata and Revman for systematic review and meta-analysis and analysis of direct and indirect evidence. Results: Based on current evidence, this study will elucidate the rationale for the utilization of TCM in PMS/PMDD treatment. Conclusion: Conclusions from this study will inform about the effectiveness and safety of TCM in PMS/PMDD management. Trial registration number: CRD42020192822. Ethics and dissemination: Since all data utilized in this systematic review and meta-analysis are published, ethical approval is not needed. Additionally, in the trial of the review process, all data will be evaluated anonymously.

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There is increasing evidence to suggest that brain inflammation could play a key role in the aetiology of psychiatric illness. Could inflammation be a cause of the premenstrual syndromes PMS and PMDD?

Abstract: The research points to alterations in the function of the GABA-A receptor. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Is Premenstrual Syndrome Associated with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status? A Systematic Review of Case–Control and Cross-Sectional Studies

Is Premenstrual Syndrome Associated with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status? A Systematic Review of Case–Control and Cross-Sectional Studies

Early- and Late-Luteal-Phase Estrogen and Progesterone Levels of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Traditional Chinese medicine on treating premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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