Thermal activation of Ti(1-x)Au(x) thin films with enhanced hardness and biocompatibility

Lukose, Cecil Cherian; Anestopoulos, Ioannis; Mantso, Theodora; Bowen, Leon; Panayiotidis, Mihalis Ι.; Birkett, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.027

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…12 However, to gain a realistic understanding of Ti 3 Au intermetallic coatings, it is critical that their performance is studied on real-world substrate materials like Ti 6 Al 4 V, that is used to manufacture total knee and hip prosthesis. 15 In our previous preliminary work, 16 we demonstrated that Ti−Au thin films with superior mechanical performance and excellent biocompatibility can be achieved by carefully controlling the Ti and Au atomic ratio and thermal activation process. In the current work, we study the effect of the underlying substrate type and its surface conditions and temperature on the mechanical performance and biocompatibility of Ti 3 Au thin film coatings sputter deposited on glass and Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In our previous preliminary work, we demonstrated that Ti–Au thin films with superior mechanical performance and excellent biocompatibility can be achieved by carefully controlling the Ti and Au atomic ratio and thermal activation process. In the current work, we study the effect of the underlying substrate type and its surface conditions and temperature on the mechanical performance and biocompatibility of Ti 3 Au thin film coatings sputter deposited on glass and Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti₃Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti₆Al₄V Substrates

Cherian Lukose,

Anestopoulos,

Panayiotidis

et al. 2024

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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Ti−Au intermetallic-based material systems are being extensively studied as next-generation thin film coatings to extend the lifetime of implant devices. These coatings are being developed for application to the articulating surfaces of total joint implants and, therefore, must have excellent biocompatibility combined with superior mechanical hardness and wear resistance. However, these key characteristics of Ti−Au coatings are heavily dependent upon factors such as the surface properties and temperature of the underlying substrate during thin film deposition. In this work, Ti 3 Au thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering on both glass and Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates at an ambient and elevated substrate temperature of 275 °C. These films were studied for their mechanical properties by the nanoindentation technique in both variable load and fixed load mode using a Berkovich tip. XRD patterns and cross-sectional SEM images detail the microstructure, while AFM images present the surface morphologies of these Ti 3 Au thin films. The biocompatibility potential of the films is assessed by cytotoxicity tests in L929 mouse fibroblast cells using Alamar blue assay, while leached ion concentrations in the film extracts are quantified using ICPOEMS. The standard deviation for hardness of films deposited on glass substrates is ∼4 times lower than that on Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates and is correlated with a corresponding increase in surface roughness from 2 nm for glass to 40 nm for Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates. Elevating substrate temperature leads to an increase in film hardness from 5.1 to 8.9 GPa and is related to the development of a superhard β phase of the Ti 3 Au intermetallic. The standard deviation of this peak mechanical hardness value is reduced by ∼3 times when measured in fixed load mode compared to the variable load mode due to the effect of nanoindentation tip penetration depth. All tested Ti−Au thin films also exhibit excellent biocompatibility against L929 fibroblast cells, as viability levels are above 95% and leached Ti, Al, V, and Au ion concentrations are below 0.1 ppm. Overall, this work demonstrates a novel Ti 3 Au thin film system with a unique combination of high hardness and excellent biocompatibility with potential to be developed into a new wear-resistant coating to extend the lifetime of articulating total joint implants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti₃Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti₆Al₄V Substrates

Cherian Lukose,

Anestopoulos,

Panayiotidis

et al. 2024

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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“…Interest in intermetallic alloys of titanium (Ti) and gold (Au), especially Ti 3 Au, is increasing due to its excellent biocompatibility combined with its enhanced hardness value of > 12 GPa [ 1 – 5 ]. Ti-based alloys are widely used in aerospace and military applications requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, while medical grade Ti alloys like Ti 6 Al 4 V (or Ti64) are of great importance for the medical implant device sector because of their excellent mechanical strength, superior osteointegration, low ion formation and excellent corrosion resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based upon these results for bulk Ti-Au alloys, Karimi et al [ 4 ], explored the mechanical performance of the Ti-Au alloy in thin film format and observed an improvement in ductility due to satisfaction of the Pugh criterion (B/G < 1.75) [ 4 , 15 , 19 ] as the underlying substrate reinforced the integrity of the Ti-Au thin film above it. Recently [ 1 ], we showed that excellent mechanical hardness of ~ 12 GPa can be achieved with Ti 3 Au thin films deposited on Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates by carefully controlling the Au concertation in the Ti matrix. Our work also established a strong dependency of crystallization of the Ti 3 Au phase on the substrate temperature, leading to preferential orientation of the β phase of Ti 3 Au with a substrate temperature of 450˚C [ 1 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently [ 1 ], we showed that excellent mechanical hardness of ~ 12 GPa can be achieved with Ti 3 Au thin films deposited on Ti 6 Al 4 V substrates by carefully controlling the Au concertation in the Ti matrix. Our work also established a strong dependency of crystallization of the Ti 3 Au phase on the substrate temperature, leading to preferential orientation of the β phase of Ti 3 Au with a substrate temperature of 450˚C [ 1 , 16 ]. Further to this it was also established that reducing the deposition pressure to 0.3 Pa, plays a crucial role in achieving Ti 3 Au thin films with denser columnar microstructure and improved hardness values of > 12.5 GPa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biocompatible Ti ₃ Au–Ag/Cu thin film coatings with enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial functionality

Lukose,

Anestopoulos,

Panagiotidis

et al. 2023

Biomater Res

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Background Biofilm formation on medical device surfaces is a persistent problem that shelters bacteria and encourages infections and implant rejection. One promising approach to tackle this problem is to coat the medical device with an antimicrobial material. In this work, for the first time, we impart antimicrobial functionality to Ti3Au intermetallic alloy thin film coatings, while maintaining their superior mechanical hardness and biocompatibility. Methods A mosaic Ti sputtering target is developed to dope controlled amounts of antimicrobial elements of Ag and Cu into a Ti3Au coating matrix by precise control of individual target power levels. The resulting Ti3Au-Ag/Cu thin film coatings are then systematically characterised for their structural, chemical, morphological, mechanical, corrosion, biocompatibility-cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties. Results X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the formation of a super hard β-Ti3Au phase, but the thin films undergo a transition in crystal orientation from (200) to (211) with increasing Ag concentration, whereas introduction of Cu brings no observable changes in crystal orientation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis show the polyhedral shape of the Ti3Au crystal but agglomeration of Ag particles between crystal grains begins at 1.2 at% Ag and develops into large granules with increasing Ag concentration up to 4.1 at%. The smallest doping concentration of 0.2 at% Ag raises the hardness of the thin film to 14.7 GPa, a 360% improvement compared to the ∼4 GPa hardness of the standard Ti6Al4V base alloy. On the other hand, addition of Cu brings a 315—330% improvement in mechanical hardness of films throughout the entire concentration range of 0.5—7.1 at%. The thin films also show good electrochemical corrosion resistance and a > tenfold reduction in wear rate compared to Ti6Al4V alloy. All thin film samples exhibit very safe cytotoxic profiles towards L929 mouse fibroblast cells when analysed with Alamar blue assay, with ion leaching concentrations lower than 0.2 ppm for Ag and 0.08 ppm for Cu and conductivity tests reveal the positive effect of increased conductivity on myogenic differentiation. Antimicrobial tests show a drastic reduction in microbial survival over a short test period of < 20 min for Ti3Au films doped with Ag or Cu concentrations as low as 0.2—0.5 at%. Conclusion Therefore, according to these results, this work presents a new antimicrobial Ti3Au-Ag/Cu coating material with excellent mechanical performance with the potential to develop wear resistant medical implant devices with resistance to biofilm formation and bacterial infection. Graphical Abstract

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Energy Absorption of a Novel Lattice Structure‐Filled Multicell Thin‐Walled Tubes Under Axial and Oblique Loadings

Kocabas,

Yalcinkaya,

Cetin

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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Multicell design and lattice structure as filling material are two effective methods for enhancing the energy absorption performance of thin‐walled tubes. This study combines these two approaches to present a multicell tube with a novel lattice structure and investigates the energy absorption performances of these hybrid multicell tubes under axial (0°) and oblique (10°, 20°, and 30°) impact loading conditions. As filling structure, β‐Ti3Au lattice geometry with varying lattice strut diameters and the number of lattice unit cells are used, while the single and multicell thin‐walled tubes with different tube thicknesses are employed as main absorbing element. In this context, the effects of numbers of lattice unit cells, lattice strut diameter, cell numbers of the tube, and tube thickness on energy absorption performance of hybrid tubes are examined using validated nonlinear finite element models. This investigation unveils that the synergistic interplay between the multicell tubes and lattice structure during deformation significantly elevates the energy absorption performance of the hybrid structure. Notably, the findings demonstrate that multicell hybrid tubes exhibit a remarkable capacity to absorb up to 30.36% more impact energy compared to the aggregate absorption of individual components in hybrid tubes.

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Thermal activation of Ti(1-x)Au(x) thin films with enhanced hardness and biocompatibility

Cited by 12 publications

References 102 publications

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti₃Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti₆Al₄V Substrates

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti₃Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti₆Al₄V Substrates

Biocompatible Ti ₃ Au–Ag/Cu thin film coatings with enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial functionality

Energy Absorption of a Novel Lattice Structure‐Filled Multicell Thin‐Walled Tubes Under Axial and Oblique Loadings

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Thermal activation of Ti(1-x)Au(x) thin films with enhanced hardness and biocompatibility

Cited by 12 publications

References 102 publications

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti3Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti6Al4V Substrates

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti3Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti6Al4V Substrates

Biocompatible Ti 3 Au–Ag/Cu thin film coatings with enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial functionality

Energy Absorption of a Novel Lattice Structure‐Filled Multicell Thin‐Walled Tubes Under Axial and Oblique Loadings

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Product

Resources

About

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti₃Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti₆Al₄V Substrates

Nanomechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Biocompatible Ti₃Au Thin Films Grown on Glass and Ti₆Al₄V Substrates

Biocompatible Ti ₃ Au–Ag/Cu thin film coatings with enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial functionality