Thermal annealing effect on the structural and the optical properties of Nano CdTe films

Influence of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of nanocrystalline Platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) thin films

“…While, the last energy value is the fundamental energy gap, E g (energy gap between valence band ''p -band" and conduction band ''p * -band") [44,45] and the values between them may be impurities energy levels. The decrease in E opt g and E g values (e.g., red shifted) with annealing temperature are attributed to increase in the crystallite size and the contribution from internal stress developed in the polycrystalline film which due to decrease in the concentration of lattice imperfections at grain boundary [33,34,40]. In our study, the improvement in crystal structure of films with the increasing annealing temperature was found from XRD and FESEM results.…”

“…The reduced amount of micro strain and dislocation density shows the formation of high quality PtOEP films at higher annealing temperatures. The thermal energy generated by annealing enhanced diffusion of species and formed films with larger crystallites [33,34]. Surface Morphology of the PtOEP films was analyzed by FESEM.…”

Effect of annealing on the structural properties of thermal evaporated CdIn2Te4/CdS thin film solar cells

“…The detected crystallite size is consistent with those of other studies in the literature [18,36]. The inter-planar distance (d) calculations are similar to those obtained by Jain et al [17], and the lattice constant (a) calculations are similar to those obtained by Dongol et al [19]. …”

“…Using the XRD profile, the inter-planar distance (d) and lattice constant (a) can be calculated according to Bragg 's law [19]:…”

“…II-III 2 -VI 4 compounds, such as CdIn 2 Te 4 compounds and II-VI compounds, have received great attention in recent years [17,18]. In the last decade, the emphasis has been on the development of low-cost deposition techniques [19]. The thermal evaporation technique for depositing CdInTe [18] and CdS thin films is one of the most widely used because it is very simple due to having relatively few control parameters [20].…”