Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal

Poort, Jeffrey; Khlystov, Oleg; Naudts, L.; Дучков, А. Д.; Hirano, Shoji; Nishio, S.; Batist, Marc De; Hachikubo, Akihiro; Kida, Masato; Minami, Hirotsugu; Manakov, Andrey Yu.; Kulikova, M. V.; Krylov, Alexey

doi:10.1007/s00367-012-0292-0

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…More than a year (431 days) of monitoring at Håkon Mosby MV revealed pulses of hotter subsurface fluids accompanied by small eruptions which represent similar events to those observed onshore during the dormancy of MVs (Feseker et al, 2014). Campaigns completed at the K-2 MV in Lake Baikal showed the presence of gas hydrates and revealed the presence of low and high thermal anomalies that are interpreted to result from a shallow fluid circulation that interacts with a dynamic hydrate system just below (Poort et al, 2012).…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 66%

Mud volcanism: An updated review

Mazzini

Etiope

2017

Earth-Science Reviews

305

187

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Mud volcanism, or sedimentary volcanism, represents one of the most intriguing phenomena 12 of the Earth's crust, with important implications in energy resource exploration, seismicity, 13 geo-hazard and atmospheric budget of greenhouse gases. Since the first review papers were 14 issued at the beginning of 2000s, a large amount of new geological, geophysical and 15 geochemical data has been acquired, which clarified ambiguous concepts and significantly 16 improved our knowledge of mud volcanism. Here, we offer an updated review of the 17 knowledge and implications of mud volcanoes, with emphasis on: the terminology used to 18 describe different processes and structures; the physical, chemical and morphological 19 characteristics of the several fluid emission structures; the chemical properties of the released 20 fluids, in particular the molecular and isotopic composition of the gas; the mud volcano 21 formation dynamics; and the several implications for petroleum exploration, geo-hazards and 22 global atmospheric methane budget. This review integrates new fluids data collected in 23 Azerbaijan and is complemented with field observations from various mud volcano provinces 24 worldwide. Although the total number of mud volcanoes on Earth is still uncertain, more than 600 main onshore structures, with a large variety in shapes and sizes, are documented in recent global data-sets, and several thousand are assumed to exist in the oceans. It is clear that: (a) mud volcanoes are broadly distributed throughout the globe in active margins, compressional zones of accretionary complexes, thrust and overthrust belts, passive margins, deep sedimentary basins related to active plate boundaries, as well as delta regions; (b) they are specifically located in hydrocarbon bearing basins, along anticline axes, strike slips and normal faults, and fault-related folds in Petroleum Systems; (c) they represent a specific category of natural gas/oil seepage manifestation, often related to deep and pressurised reservoirs; (d) the main engine driving mud volcanism is given by a combination of gravitative instability of shales and fluid overpressure build-up, followed by hydrofracturing; (e) hydrocarbons are generally of thermogenic origin, while microbial gas is released in only 37 a few cases. Mud volcanism on other planets (e.g. Mars and Titan), and microbial activity 38 associated with gas seepage represent emerging issues and opportunities for future research.

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Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 66%

Mud volcanism: An updated review

Mazzini

Etiope

2017

Earth-Science Reviews

305

187

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“…Among twenty hydrate-bound cores in the Kedr area, four cores contained sI only, seven cores had sII only, and seven cores showed sII at the upper layer and sI at the lower layer, as observed at the Kukuy K-2 MV 13,16,17 . Furthermore, in the cores 2015St1GC15 and 2016St18GC2, gas hydrate structure had sI at the upper and lower layer, and sII at the middle layer.…”

Section: Discussion Origin Of Hydrate-bound Hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Such a composition of thermogenic gas is, therefore, considered to be supplied from a deep sediment layer, forming sI gas hydrates composed of mainly C 1 and C 2 11,12 in the lake floor sediment. In the cases where sI gas hydrates plug and block migration pathways, upward fluid flow becomes more focused in other areas 16 . Once gas supply stops locally, gas hydrates begin to decompose, with the gas dissolving into gas-poor sediment pore water.…”

Section: Discussion Origin Of Hydrate-bound Hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of hydrate-bound gas retrieved at the Kedr mud volcano (southern Lake Baikal)

Hachikubo

Minami

Khabuev

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We reported the characteristics of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in lake-bottom sediments at the Kedr mud volcano in Lake Baikal. Twenty hydrate-bearing sediment cores were retrieved, and methane-stable isotopes of hydrate-bound gases (δ13C and δ2H of − 47.8‰ to − 44.0‰ V-PDB and − 280.5‰ to − 272.8‰ V-SMOW, respectively) indicated their thermogenic origin accompanied with secondary microbial methane. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystals and molecular composition of the hydrate-bound gases suggested that structure II crystals showed a high concentration of ethane (around 14% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons), whereas structure I crystals showed a relatively low concentration of ethane (2–5% of hydrate-bound hydrocarbons). These different crystallographic structures comprised complicated layers in the sub-lacustrine sediment, suggesting that the gas hydrates partly dissociate, concentrate ethane and form structure II crystals. We concluded that a high concentration of thermogenic ethane primarily controls the crystallographic structure of gas hydrates and that propane, iso-butane (2-methylpropane) and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) are encaged into crystals in the re-crystallisation process.

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“…Many studies have shown that the formation of gas hydrate will reduce the permeability of sediments to different degrees and will change the direction of fluid leakage. For example, one report stated that during the process of fluid migration, gas hydrate will block some of the migration pathways and lead to more concentrated fluid migration in the region [70]. Another study revealed that the lateral migration of methane-containing fluid was driven by the formation of gas hydrate and the blockage of pore space at the seepage center [71].…”

Section: Cold Seep Formation and Evolution Models In The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Mode of Cold Seeps in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

et al. 2020

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Submarine cold seeps have recently attracted significant attention and are among the most effective indicators of gas hydrate in the oceans. In this study, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) observations, seismic profiles, core sediments, bottom seawater, and fluid vented from cold seeps in the deep-water Qiongdongnan Basin were used to investigate the origin and evolution of cold seeps and their relationships with gas hydrate. At stations A, B, and C, inactive cold seeps with dead clams, cold seep leakage with live clams, and active cold seeps with a rich mussel presence, respectively, were observed. The salinity and Na+ and Cl- concentrations of the cold seeps were different from those of typical seawater owing to gas hydrate formation and decomposition and fluid originating from various depths. The main ion concentrations of the bottom seawater at stations B and C were higher than those at station A, indicating the substantial effects of low-salinity cold seep fluids from gas hydrate decomposition. The Na+-Cl-, K+-Cl-, Mg2+-Cl-, and Ca2+-Cl- diagrams and rare earth element distribution curves of the water samples were strongly affected by seawater. The concentrations of trace elements and their ratios to Cl- in the bottom seawater were high at the stations with cold seeps, suggesting the mixing of other fluids rich in those elements. Biochemical reactions may also have caused the chemical anomalies. Samples of HM-ROV-1 indicated a greater effect of upward cold seep fluids with higher B/Cl-, Sr/Cl-, and Ba/Cl- values. Moreover, the Re/Cl- value varied between fluid vents, possibly due to differences in Re precipitation strength. Differences in cold seep intensity are also believed to occur between areas. The cold seep fluxes changed from large to small before finally disappearing, showing a close connection with gas hydrate formation and decomposition, and influenced the local topography and ecosystems.

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Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

Mud volcanism: An updated review

Mud volcanism: An updated review

Characteristics of hydrate-bound gas retrieved at the Kedr mud volcano (southern Lake Baikal)

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Mode of Cold Seeps in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

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