I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Assistant Professor Alex Yan Qingyu for his kind guidance, continuous support and patience throughout my PhD study. His valuable ideas and suggestions as well as the scientific thinking and research experience guide me to learn to be a real researcher. His profound knowledge in the related areas and rich experimental experience help me to solve the problem during my four years' PhD study. Meanwhile, I would also like to thank Associate Professor Hng Huey Hoon and her group members, Mr. Sun Ting, Ms Yang Lan for kind support and useful discussion. And I want to give many thanks to my group mates, Mr