Thermal condition of Surtsey

Stefansson, V.; Axelsson, Guðni; Sigurðsson, Oddur; Guðmundsson, Gestur; Steingrímsson, Benedikt

doi:10.1016/0264-3707(85)90054-7

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Rapid alteration and consolidation of the basaltic tephra occurred through palagonitization processes (Jakobsson, 1978), which produced authigenic clay minerals, zeolite, tobermorite, anhydrite, and calcite (Jakobsson and Moore, 1986). The heat in the hydrothermal system was thought to have been provided by basaltic intrusions into the freshly erupted tephra (Jakobsson et al, 2000;Jakobsson andMoore, 1982, 1986;Stefánsson et al, 1985).…”

Section: The Geothermal System At Surtsey and The Icdp Sustain Projectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Surtsey volcano geothermal system: An analogue for seawater-oceanic crust interaction with implications for the elemental budget of the oceanic crust

et al. 2020

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Surtsey is a young volcanic island in the offshore extension of Iceland's southeast rift zone that grew from the seafloor during explosive and effusive eruptions in 1963-1967. In 1979, a cored borehole (SE-1) was drilled to 181 m depth and in 2017 three cored boreholes (SE-2a, SE-2b and SE-3) were drilled to successively greater depths. The basaltic deposits host a low-temperature (40-141 °C) seawater-dominated geothermal system. Surtsey provides an ideal environment to study water-rock interaction processes in a young seawater geothermal system. Elemental concentrations (SiO2, B, Na, Ca, Mg, F, dissolved inorganic carbon, SO4, Cl) and isotope contents (δD, δ 18 O) in borehole fluids indicate that associated geothermal waters in submarine deposits originated from seawater modified by reactions with the surrounding basalt. These processes produce authigenic minerals in the basaltic lapilli tuff and a corresponding depletion of certain elements in the residual waters. Coupling of measured and modeled concentrations investigates the effect of temperature and associated abundance of authigenic minerals on chemical fluxes from and to the igneous oceanic crust during lowtemperature alteration. The annual chemical fluxes calculated at 50-150 °C range from-0.01 to +0.1×10 12 mol yr-1 for SiO2, +0.2 to +129×10 12 mol yr-1 for Ca,-129 to-0.8×10 12 mol yr-1 for Mg and-21 to +0.4×10 12 mol yr-1 for SO4 where negative values indicate chemical fluxes from the ocean into the oceanic crust and positive values indicate fluxes from the oceanic crust to the oceans. These flux calculations reveal that water-rock interaction at varying water-rock ratios and temperatures produces authigenic minerals that serve as important sinks of seawaterderived SiO2, Mg and SO4. In contrast, water-rock interaction accompanied by dissolution of 2 basaltic glass and primary crystal fragments, provides a significant source of Ca. Such lowtemperature alteration could effectively influence the elemental budget of the oceanic igneous crust and ocean waters. The modelling provides insights into water chemistries and chemical fluxes in low-temperature MOR recharge zones. Surtsey also provides a valuable young analogue for assessing the chemical evolution of fluid discharge over the life cycles of seamounts in ridge flank systems.

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Section: The Geothermal System At Surtsey and The Icdp Sustain Projectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Surtsey volcano geothermal system: An analogue for seawater-oceanic crust interaction with implications for the elemental budget of the oceanic crust

et al. 2020

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“…A 181-m-deep, vertical, cored hole that was drilled in 1979 transected vesicular, glassy basalt tuff above sea level and deeply palagonitized tuff with zeolite and Al-tobermorite mineral cements below sea level (Jakobsson & Moore, 1982, 1986. A hydrothermal anomaly, in which a maximum borehole fluid temperature, 141.3 °C measured in 1980, occurred at 100-to 106-m depth below surface (Figure 1), is thought to be a convective system that developed in response to basaltic intrusions that fed lava flows from 1964-1967 (Jakobsson, 1978;Jakobsson & Moore, 1982;Stéfansson et al, 1985). Subterrestrial bacterial and archaeal sequences have been identified in borehole fluids below the temperature maximum (Marteinsson et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Authigenic Mineral Texture in Submarine 1979 Basalt Drill Core, Surtsey Volcano, Iceland

Jackson

Couper

Stan

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Micrometer‐scale maps of authigenic microstructures in submarine basaltic tuff from a 1979 Surtsey volcano, Iceland, drill core acquired 15 years after eruptions terminated describe the initial alteration of oceanic basalt in a low‐temperature hydrothermal system. An integrative investigative approach uses synchrotron source X‐ray microdiffraction, microfluoresence, micro‐computed tomography, and scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with Raman spectroscopy to create finely resolved spatial frameworks that record a continuum of alteration in glass and olivine. Microanalytical maps of vesicular and fractured lapilli in specimens from 157.1‐, 137.9‐, and 102.6‐m depths and borehole temperatures of 83, 93.9, and 141.3 °C measured in 1980, respectively, describe the production of nanocrystalline clay mineral, zeolites, and Al‐tobermorite in diverse microenvironments. Irregular alteration fronts at 157.1‐m depth resemble microchannels associated with biological activity in older basalts. By contrast, linear microstructures with little resemblance to previously described alteration features have nanocrystalline clay mineral (nontronite) and zeolite (amicite) texture. The crystallographic preferred orientation rotates around an axis parallel to the linear feature. Raman spectra indicating degraded and poorly ordered carbonaceous matter of possible biological origin are associated with nanocrystalline clay mineral in a crystallographically oriented linear microstructure in altered olivine at 102.6 m and with subcircular nanoscale cavities in altered glass at 137.9‐m depth. Although evidence for biotic processes is inconclusive, the integrated analyses describe the complex organization of previously unrecognized mineral texture in very young basalt. They provide a foundational mineralogical reference for longitudinal, time‐lapse characterizations of palagonitized basalt in oceanic environments.

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“…The current model for Surtsey's hydrothermal system hypothesizes that cooling of dike intrusions in the eruptive centers of the eastern and western craters (Stefansson et al, 1985) provides the heat to drive hydrothermal convection, which results in palagonitization of the tephra and induration of the core of the island (Fig. 3a).…”

Section: Monitoring Hydrothermal Processes 50 Years After the Surtseymentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-lapse characterization of hydrothermal seawater and microbial interactions with basaltic tephra at Surtsey Volcano

et al. 2015

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Abstract.A new International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) project will drill through the 50-yearold edifice of Surtsey Volcano, the youngest of the Vestmannaeyjar Islands along the south coast of Iceland, to perform interdisciplinary time-lapse investigations of hydrothermal and microbial interactions with basaltic tephra. The volcano, created in 1963The volcano, created in -1967 by submarine and subaerial basaltic eruptions, was first drilled in 1979. In October 2014, a workshop funded by the ICDP convened 24 scientists from 10 countries for 3 and a half days on Heimaey Island to develop scientific objectives, site the drill holes, and organize logistical support. Representatives of the Surtsey Research Society and Environment Agency of Iceland also participated. Scientific themes focus on further determinations of the structure and eruptive processes of the type locality of Surtseyan volcanism, descriptions of changes in fluid geochemistry and microbial colonization of the subterrestrial deposits since drilling 35 years ago, and monitoring the evolution of hydrothermal and biological processes within the tephra deposits far into the future through the installation of a Surtsey subsurface observatory. The tephra deposits provide a geologic analog for developing specialty concretes with pyroclastic rock and evaluating their long-term performance under diverse hydrothermal conditions. Abstracts of research projects are posted at http://surtsey. icdp-online.org.Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the IODP and the ICDP.

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Thermal condition of Surtsey

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

The Surtsey volcano geothermal system: An analogue for seawater-oceanic crust interaction with implications for the elemental budget of the oceanic crust

The Surtsey volcano geothermal system: An analogue for seawater-oceanic crust interaction with implications for the elemental budget of the oceanic crust

Authigenic Mineral Texture in Submarine 1979 Basalt Drill Core, Surtsey Volcano, Iceland

Time-lapse characterization of hydrothermal seawater and microbial interactions with basaltic tephra at Surtsey Volcano

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