Thermal decomposition of graphite nitrate

Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Максимова, Н. В.; Zatonskih, P.V.; Komarov, A. D.; Lutfullin, M. A.; Сорокина, Н. Е.; Авдеев, В. В.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.028

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The TVA curve from the dynamic run of graphite nitrate shows three main peaks of volatile evolutions. According to Saidaminov et al [11], graphite nitrate (4C + 24n NO 3 − .xHNO 3 ) can be expected to decompose with the release of CO, CO 2 , NO, NO 2, and water by the following reactions: The curve indicates a maximum evolution of volatiles around 150 °C which correlates to the onset temperature of exfoliation for graphite nitrate quoted in the literature. This marks the start of expansion which is mostly complete by 350 °C.…”

Section: Dynamic Thermal Volatilisation Analysismentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The graphite is then washed commonly with water and/or acid to form the final complex, termed graphite nitrate or graphite sulfate, depending on the intercalation acid used [8]. The intercalation chemistry of GICs has been studied fairly extensively [9][10][11][12]. Reactions 1-2 represent the chemical intercalation process for graphite bisulfate (C + 24 HSO 4 − .2H 2 SO 4 ):…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saidaminov et al [11] observed a two-stage gas emission when heating graphite nitrate from 50 to 900 °C under inert conditions. In the first stage, which occurred between 80 and 150 °C, NO 2 and CO were observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal volatilisation analysis of graphite intercalation compound fire retardants

Muir

Liggat

O’Keeffe

2023

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Thermally expandable graphites are becoming increasingly popular as intumescent fire retardants for polymeric systems due to their excellent thermal and barrier properties. Therefore, it is important to understand their thermal degradation pathways and monitor products for any that may be toxic or affect the stability of the polymer. Here, two commercially available thermally expandable graphites with different intercalated acids have been analyzed using thermal volatilisation analysis—sub-ambient distillation (TVA-SAD), mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results confirm the presence of three principal thermal events relating to the expansion of graphite nitrate and graphite bisulfate. Isothermal analyses provide a deeper understanding of the processes and decomposition products released from each stage. For both graphites, desorption of migrating gases and volatilisation of water occur in the first instance. Graphite bisulfate releases CO2, CO, and water upon expansion and releases a significant volume of SO2 subsequently. Graphite nitrate expansion proceeds with the release of NO2, NO, CO and water. Additionally, the release of non-condensable species and carbonyl-derived fragments suggests that the exfoliation process occurs by multiple different degradation processes. For expansion to occur, sufficient pressure must be produced in the graphite interlayer spacing; this is achieved by volatilisation of intercalated species and by the decomposition of functional groups on the outer edges and basal planes created from the oxidation of graphite.

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Section: Dynamic Thermal Volatilisation Analysismentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal volatilisation analysis of graphite intercalation compound fire retardants

Muir

Liggat

O’Keeffe

2023

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…There are two main methods of manufacturing EG, thermal expansion [17,18] and liquid-phase expansion [19]. Thermal expansion is usually used to produce EG from intercalated graphite [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Porous Expanded Graphite: Thermal Shock vs. Programmable Heating

et al. 2021

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Highly porous expanded graphite was synthesized by the programmable heating technique using heating with a constant rate (20 °C/min) from room temperature to 400–700 °C. The samples obtained were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. A comparison between programmable heating and thermal shock as methods of producing expanded graphite showed efficiency of the first one at a temperature 400 °C, and the surface area reached 699 and 184 m2/g, respectively. The proposed technique made it possible to obtain a relatively higher yield of expanded graphite (78–90%) from intercalated graphite. The experiments showed the advantages of programmable heating in terms of its flexibility and the possibility to manage the textural properties, yield, disorder degree, and bulk density of expanded graphite.

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“…Various methods have been proposed to reduce or even eliminate the sulfur content of EG. Most of these methods adopt perchloric acid, − hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, − boric acid, and so forth, which may introduce new pollutants or hazardous chemicals. Recently, the electrochemical intercalation method has been claimed to be environmentally friendly as it uses dilute acid concentrations without chemical oxidizing agents. , However, the installation of the electrochemical reaction is complicated, and this method also features low yield and high cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Preparation of Expandable Graphite and Its Application in Flame-Resistance Polymer Elastomer

Huang

Tang

Liao

et al. 2017

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Although research on expandable graphite (EG) has achieved great progress, its practical application is restricted due to high sulfur content and serious pollution during production. Herein, low-sulfur EG was prepared through a two-step intercalation method using environmentally friendly hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. By optimizing reaction parameters and process, the as-prepared EG exhibits low sulfur content (1.85 wt %) and high exfoliation volume (282 mL g −1 ). Moreover, when 30 wt % EG is mixed with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVM) matrix, the obtained EG/EVM composite exhibits a high limited oxygen index (LOI) of 30.4%, showing its excellent flame retardancy. Furthermore, for the compatibility between EG and EVM to be improved, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was grafted to EG by in situ radical polymerization. The EG-g-PVAc/EVM composite shows high flame resistant performance with improved control of fly ash. Therefore, this easily prepared EG can be broadly applied in environmentally friendly polymeric flame-resistance field.

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Thermal decomposition of graphite nitrate

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Thermal volatilisation analysis of graphite intercalation compound fire retardants

Thermal volatilisation analysis of graphite intercalation compound fire retardants

Highly Porous Expanded Graphite: Thermal Shock vs. Programmable Heating

Green Preparation of Expandable Graphite and Its Application in Flame-Resistance Polymer Elastomer

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