Thermal Decomposition of RDX Composite Propellants

Maruizumi, Haruki; Fukuma, D.; Shirota, Kazuya; Kubota, Naminosuke

doi:10.1002/prep.19820070204

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Selected data and parameters from the low temperature X-ray data collection and refinements are given in the Supporting Information. CCDC 1835056 (3), 1835054 (4), 1835062 (5), 1835053 (6), 1835066 (7), 1835061 (10), 1835065 (11), 1835063 (12), 1835060 (15), 1835055 (16), 1835057 (17), 1835059 (18), 1835058 (19) and 1835064 (20) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.…”

Section: Crystal Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydrazinium salts of both isomers (10,18) are crystallizing in the monoclinic space groups P2 1 /c and P2 1 /n, respectively. The nitro groups of hydrazinium salt 10 are further twisted toward the planar ring.…”

Section: Crystal Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12a] A further thermal rearrangement in benzonitrile and an easier work-up from literature gave 5 in good yields. [12a] Starting from compounds 3 and 5 different ionic derivatives (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) were synthesized by deprotonation. The salts were prepared using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, hydroxylamine, hydrazine, guanidine bicarbonate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate and TATOT (3,6,2,4]triazolo [4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isomers of Dinitropyrazoles: Synthesis, Comparison and Tuning of their Physicochemical Properties

et al. 2018

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Three isomeric dinitropyrazoles (DNPs) were synthesized starting from readily available 1H‐pyrazole by slightly improved methods than described in the literature. 3,4‐Dinitropyrazole (3), 1,3‐dinitropyrazole (4), and 3,5‐dinitropyrazole (5) were obtained and compared to each other with respect to thermal stability, crystallography, sensitivity and energetic performance. Two isomers (3 and 4) show high densities (1.79 and 1.76 g cm–3) and interesting thermal behavior as melt‐castable materials (3: Tmelt.=71 °C, Tdec.=285 °C; 5: Tmelt. = 68 °C, Tdec.=171 °C). Furthermore, eight salts (sodium, potassium, ammonium, hydrazinium, hydroxylammonium, guanidinium, aminoguanidinium and 3,6,7‐triamino‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4]triazole (TATOT) of 3 and 5 were synthesized in order to tune performance and sensitivity values. These compounds were characterized using 1H, 13C, 14N, 15N NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry. Crystal structures of 14 compounds were obtained (3–7, 10–12 and 15–20) by low‐temperature single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Impact, friction and electrostatic discharge (ESD) values were also determined by standard methods. The sensitivity values range between 8.5 and 40 J for impact and 240 N and 360 N for friction and show mainly insensitive character. The energetic performances were determined using recalculated X‐ray densities, heats of formation and the EXPLO5 code and support the energetic character of the title compounds. The calculated energetic performances (VD: 6245–8610 m s−1; pCJ: 14.1–30.8 GPa) were compared to RDX ((O2NNCH2)3).

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Section: Crystal Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystal Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isomers of Dinitropyrazoles: Synthesis, Comparison and Tuning of their Physicochemical Properties

et al. 2018

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“…Selectedb ond lengths( )bondangles (8):N3-C1-C1 i 123.44(13), N4-N3-C21 25.05(12), N3-N4-N5 109.59(12), O1-N5-N4 114.99(13),N3-C2-N6 123.58(14),N8-C4-N13 125.39(14), N12-N7-C3 129.74(12),N 10-C5-N141 28.06(14); selected hydrogen bond lengths [] and angles [8](D-H···A, d(D-H), d(H···A), d(D···A), torsion angles (8): N3-C1-C1 i -N3 i 152.29(14), C1-N3-N4-N5 94.45(17), N2-N1-C2-N6 178.81(14), N11-N10-C5-N14 À176.83(14), N9-N8-C4-N13 178.50(14), N12-N7-C4-N8 179.98(13), N1-C2-N3-N4 À167.82(13). Selectedb ond lengths( )bondangles (8):N3-C1-C1 i 123.44(13), N4-N3-C21 25.05(12), N3-N4-N5 109.59(12), O1-N5-N4 114.99(13),N3-C2-N6 123.58(14),N8-C4-N13 125.39(14), N12-N7-C3 129.74(12),N 10-C5-N141 28.06(14); selected hydrogen bond lengths [] and angles [8](D-H···A, d(D-H), d(H···A), d(D···A), torsion angles (8): N3-C1-C1 i -N3 i 152.29(14), C1-N3-N4-N5 94.45(17), N2-N1-C2-N6 178.81(14), N11-N10-C5-N14 À176.83(14), N9-N8-C4-N13 178.50(14), N12-N7-C4-N8 179.98(13), N1-C2-N3-N4 À167.82(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic Materials Based on 5,5′‐Diamino‐4,4′‐dinitramino‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole

Klapötke

Leroux

Schmid

et al. 2015

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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A simple and straightforward synthesis of 5,5'-diamino-4,4'-dinitramino-3,3'-bi-1,2,4-triazole by the selective nitration of 4,4',5,5'-tetraamino-3,3'-bi-1,2,4-triazole is presented. The interaction of the amino and nitramino groups improves the energetic properties of this functionalized bitriazole. For a deeper investigation of these properties, various nitrogen-rich derivatives were synthesized. The new compounds were investigated and characterized by spectroscopy ((1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, Raman), elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray analysis, and impact and friction sensitivities (IS, FS). X-ray analyses were performed and deliver insight into structural characteristics with which the stability of the compounds can be explained. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS-4M level of theory, revealing highly positive heats of formation. The energetic performance of the new molecules was predicted with the EXPLO5 V6.02 computer. A small-scale shock reactivity test (SSRT) and a toxicity test gave a first impression of the performance and toxicity of selective compounds.

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“…Numerous experimental and theoretical investigations have been carried out on the combustion of nitramine solid propellant 1,2 . Since RDX is an energetic material in RDX composite modified double-base (RDX-CMDB) propellant, it is used as a major oxidant of propellants and explosives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RDX/AP-CMDB Propellants Containing Fullerenes and Carbon Black Additives

Han¹,

Wang²,

Lin³

et al. 2009

DSJ

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The influence of fullerene additives on the combustion behaviour of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine/ammonium perchlorate composite modified double-base (RDX/AP-CMDB) propellants are investigated by thermogravimetricdifferential thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis, burning rate tests, and scanning electron microscopy observations. The difference between lead salicylate (F-Pb) and bismuth citrate acid (CP-Bi) as combustion modifiers has also been examined. TG-DTG investigations show that the addition of all additives advanced and accelerated the evaporation of nitroglycerin (NG). The addition of Extracted Fullerene Soot (EFS), C 60 and carbon black (CB) additives obviously accelerated the liquid phase decomposition of NG. Also, the solid phase decomposition of nitrocellulose (NC) and the liquid phase decomposition of RDX were accelerated by 0.5 per cent Fullerene Soot (FS)/2.5 per cent CP-Bi/0.5 per cent copper adipic acid (J-Cu) composite catalyst. The addition of all composite catalysts promoted the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) except 0.5 per cent EFS/2.5 per cent CP-Bi/0.5 per cent J-Cu composite catalysts. It is well known that there exists dark zone in the flame structure of RDX-CMDB propellant, but in our observation, the dark zone vanished with the addition of 10 per cent AP to the forenamed propellant. The burning rates were increased at low pressure but reduced at high pressure by all catalysts except 0.5 per cent EFS/2.5 per cent CP-Bi/0.5 per cent J-Cu and 0.5 per cent C 60 /2.5 per cent CP-Bi/0.5 per cent J-Cu which reduced the burning rates at every tested pressure. The pressure exponents of tested propellants were reduced by 0.5 per cent FS/2.5 per cent CP-Bi/0.5 per cent J-Cu with a factor of 17 per cent . The quenched surface observations significantly differed with the additions of diverse composite catalysts, which were consistent with the burning rate results.

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Thermal Decomposition of RDX Composite Propellants

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Isomers of Dinitropyrazoles: Synthesis, Comparison and Tuning of their Physicochemical Properties

Isomers of Dinitropyrazoles: Synthesis, Comparison and Tuning of their Physicochemical Properties

Energetic Materials Based on 5,5′‐Diamino‐4,4′‐dinitramino‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole

RDX/AP-CMDB Propellants Containing Fullerenes and Carbon Black Additives

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