Thermal decomposition of tetrabromobisphenol-A containing printed circuit boards in the presence of calcium hydroxide

Kumagai, Shogo; Grause, Guido; Kameda, Tomohito; Yoshioka, Toshiaki

doi:10.1007/s10163-015-0417-4

Cited by 54 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“… [280] The use of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide, among other metal salts, produces benzene‐rich oils with a significantly higher benzene content relative to thermal pyrolysis. [ 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 ] Indeed, product distribution has been shown to be highly dependent on the metal oxide catalyst employed. [282] For example, a mixture of Ca(OH) 2 and NiO favoured the formation of synthesis gas (CO+H 2 ), which is an important building block used in numerous industrial processes, perhaps most notably the Fischer–Tropsch process for hydrocarbon production.…”

Section: Chemical Recycling Of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities

2021

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Whilst plastics have played an instrumental role in human development, growing environmental concerns have led to increasing public scrutiny and demands for outright bans. This has stimulated considerable research into renewable alternatives, and more recently, the development of alternative waste management strategies. Herein, the aim was to highlight recent developments in the catalytic chemical recycling of two commercial polyesters, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The concept of chemical recy-cling is first introduced, and associated opportunities/challenges are discussed within the context of the governing depolymerisation thermodynamics. Chemical recycling methods for PLA and PET are then discussed, with a particular focus on upcycling and the use of metal-based catalysts. Finally, the attention shifts to the emergence of new materials with the potential to modernise the plastics economy. Emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed within the context of industrial feasibility.

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Section: Chemical Recycling Of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities

2021

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“…It can be assumed that the higher supply of hydrogen in the phenol or epoxy resin matrix favored the production of HBr (Hao et al, 2014). Other researchers also reported that the organic Br in the non-metallic fraction of WPCB can be converted to HBr via the pyrolysis process, with HBr and phenol being the main products (Shen et al, 2018;Kumagai et al, 2017;Terakado et al, 2011). Phenol and methylphenols were also simultaneously released during the debromination of BFRs.…”

Section: Tga-ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, furans and dioxin precursors can also be generated (Barontini and Cozzani, 2006). Kumagai et al, (Kumagai et al, 2017) investigated the debromination of brominated phenols in the presence of CaO through charge transfer, and phenol was produced from thermal degradation (mainly below 300°C) of phenol resin paperlaminated WPCB. Evangelopoulos et al, (Evangelopoulos et al, 2015) also found that aromatic compounds such as styrene, methylstyrene, phenol, and benzene were produced due to board resin's decomposition.…”

Section: Vocs Emission From Board Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal degradation and pollutant emission from waste printed circuit boards mounted with electronic components

Guo

Luo

Tan

et al. 2020

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Waste printed circuit boards mounted with electronic components (WPCB-ECs) are generated from electronic waste dismantling and recycling process. Airborne pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can be released during thermal treatment of WPCB-CEs. In this study, organic substances from WPCB-ECs were pyrolyzed by both thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and in a quartz tube furnace. We discovered that board resin and solder coating were degraded in a one-stage process, whereas capacitor scarfskin and wire jacket had two degradation stages. Debromination of brominated flame retardants occurred, and HBr and phenol were the main products during TGA processing of board resin. Dehydrochlorination occurred, and HCl, benzene and toluene were detected during the pyrolysis of capacitor scarfskin. Benzene formation was found only in the first degradation stage (272-372°C), while toluene was formed both in the two degradation stages. PM with bimodal mass size distributions at diameters of 0.45-0.5 and 4-5 μm were emitted during heating WPCB-ECs. The PM number concentrations were highest in the size ranges

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“…However, it should be kept in mind that gasified ISA card is only an example from large variety of electronic wastes. The total amount and composition of organic fraction in the gasified card was evaluated based on data given in [7] and analysis of bromine distribution in the experiment. The procedure of calculation was similar to described in section 2.5.…”

Section: Pc/at Cardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steam gasification for waste valorization with energy recovery

2018

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Steam gasification seems a promising technology of waste transformation since the steam is the only oxidizing reagent in the process and gaseous carrier of volatiles. Gasses are equilibrated at high temperature for conversion to the H2-rich syngas. After this step, the excess of steam condenses during cooling, together with non-converted tars, oils and fine particles. Condensing steam efficiently absorbs hydrogen bromide and hydrogen chloride. The use of steam eliminates carbonaceous residue from the solid mineral/metal product, which is convenient for further processing (for example extraction of metals). The syngas and the solid residue are generally the only products of gasification, because aqueous condensate may be returned to the process together with non-volatile hydrocarbons and sediments. The process was illustrated by laboratory scale gasification experiments with a) carton packaging, b) abrasive disc, c) pork bones, d) Cu multiwire cable e) PC/AT card and f) inverter (PCB board). The mineral/metal products of gasification may be considered as a raw materials for further processing, including typical routes of metals recovery. There is no direct emission to the atmosphere from the process. However, providing the energy from the syngas back to the reactor as well as the energy balance of steam condensation and recirculation of condensate to the reactor need careful analysis.

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Thermal decomposition of tetrabromobisphenol-A containing printed circuit boards in the presence of calcium hydroxide

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities

The Chemical Recycling of Polyesters for a Circular Plastics Economy: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities

Thermal degradation and pollutant emission from waste printed circuit boards mounted with electronic components

Steam gasification for waste valorization with energy recovery

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