“…However, flat films have a limitation in expanding the surface area. Embossed shapes such as disks, rods, and squares enlarge the sensing area and generate localized surface plasmons (LSPs), , which accelerates the collection of incident light and enhances SPR efficiency. − In addition, nanogaps shaped with engraved rings, rods, and dots exhibit the hotspot effect (generation of regions with high electromagnetic (EM) intensities for sensing) between discontinuous films. − Owing to this hotspot effect, nanogaps can help enhance sensitivity; , the relationship between the concentration of the EM field and the sensitivity of nanostructures has been elucidated in previous studies. , The aforementioned structures are fabricated using conventional processes, e.g., electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB), which pattern the required shapes with a precision close to the measurement resolution of the light source. However, they are economically infeasible as the process is time-consuming, and the achievable height is restricted. , Moreover, EBL profiles frequently depend on the characteristics of the photoresist …”