Thermal effects of Ho: YAG laser lithotripsy: real-time evaluation in an in vitro model

Abstract

Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy might be safe provided that there is sufficient irrigation. However, high power and low irrigation resulted in potentially tissue-damaging temperatures. Laser devices should, therefore, always be applied in conjunction with continuous, closely monitored irrigation whenever performing Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.

Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser induced lithotripsy: in-vitro investigations on fragmentation, dusting, propulsion and fluorescence

“…Innovations in laser development resulted in the introduction of high power Ho:YAG lasers on the market, providing an average power around 100W, which can be very efficient in stone destruction [35][36][37]. Furthermore, attention should in particular also be dedicated to heat generation inside the urinary tract when using such high power laser devices [38][39][40][41][42]. Fluorescence-assisted endoscopic laser lithotripsy should be introduced in particular in connection with high power laser devices.…”

Aktuelle Trends in der flexiblen Ureterorenoskopie – ein Update

“…Solche physikalische Bedingungen könnten selbstverständlich fatale Folgen auf den oberen Harntrakt haben. [36]. Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass ein unkritischer Einsatz von Hochleistungslasern in der Steintherapie keine Regel ist.…”

“…Die oben beschriebenen technologischen Innovationen ermöglichen einen Blick in die Zukunft der urologischen Endoskopie. Die Notwendigkeit eines Temperatur-und Druckmonitorings bei der fURS konnte in mehreren Arbeiten nachgewiesen werden [11,36]. Es wäre wünschenswert dem Endourologen ein flexibles Ureterorenoskop oder eine Ureterschleuse mit einer integrierten Temperatur-und Druckdetektionssonde zünftig zur Verfügung zu stellen.…”

Passively Q-switched Tm/Ho composite laser

“…Therefore, M 1 with R 1 of 100 mm was applied in the following experiment, which brings moderate α and higher unstable threshold at approximately 6.5 W. Fig. 2 | (a,b) Evolutions in cavity mode sizes ω c and ω s with the absorbed LD power P abs at different M 1 curvature radii (R 1 =75 mm, 100 mm and 200 mm); (c) Evolution in key parameter α with P abs , where the colorful areas denote corresponding unstable regions (green for R 1 =75 mm, blue for R 1 =100 mm), α th is (n i /n th )/( n i /n th -1) in Equation (1). Values of the parameters for the above calculation are summarized in Table 1.…”

“…Within the transparent window of atmosphere and the strong absorption band of water, Ho lasers have a series of important applications in fields such as surgeries, mid-infrared super-continuum, and lidar systems [1][2][3] , which have received more and more attentions. Particularly, pulsed Ho lasers with the wavelength around 2.1 μm are efficient pump sources for mid-infrared frequency conversion toward the 3~12 μm molecular fingerprint region 4 via optical parameter oscillation (OPO) or differential frequency generation (DFG) 5,6 , owning to the wavelength farther away from absorption edge of the famous mid-infrared crystals ZPG and OP:GaAs than other Tm or Ho laser wavelengths 7 .…”