“…The superelasticity/pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect of shape memory alloys (SMAs) result from a 1 st -order solid-solid phase transformation (martensitic transformation) that can be induced by thermal, mechanical, and magnetic loadings (Kiefer and Lagoudas, 2005;Arndt et al, 2006;Karaca et al, 2006;Sehitoglu et al, 2012;Chen et al, 2014;Haldar et al, 2014;Kamarád et al, 2014;Pascan et al, 2015;Cisse et al, 2016;Heczko et al, 2016;Rogovoy and Stolbova, 2016;Yin et al, 2016;Bruno et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2018b;Chen and He, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). The high-temperature stable parent phase (austenite) has cubic symmetry whereas the lowtemperature stable product phase (martensite) has lower symmetry, such as tetragonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic symmetry, depending on the chemical composition.…”