Thermal Fabrication of Magnetic Fe3O4 (Nanoparticle)@Carbon Sheets from Waste Resources for the Adsorption of Dyes: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and UV–Visible Spectroscopy Investigations

Abstract

Thermal treatment is applied for the direct conversion of palm stalk waste to Fe3O4 (np)@carbon sheets (Fe3O4 (np)@CSs). The effect of conversion temperature was investigated. The TEM examination of the prepared magnetic Fe3O4 (np)@CSs showed the formation of Fe3O4 (np) in a matrix of carbon sheets as a coated layer with surface functional groups including carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Removal of dyes such as methyl orange, methylene blue, and neutral red was achieved using fabricated Fe3O4 (np)@CSs which were prepared at 250 °C, 400 °C, and 700 °C in a weak acidic medium. By studying the contact time effect for the adsorption of methylene blue, neutral red, and methyl orange, using the fabricated Fe3O4 (np)@CSs which were prepared at 250 °C and 400 °C, equilibrium occurred between 120 min and 180 min. In addition, the first-order and second-order kinetic models were applied to the adsorption data. The results revealed that the adsorption data fit better with the second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, the Freundlich model was found to be more suitable for describing the process of the separation of the dyes onto Fe3O4 (np)@CSs which were prepared at 250 °C and 400 °C, suggesting heterogenous surfaces and multi-layer adsorption.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Anchored Carbon as Hybrid Adsorbent Materials for Effective Heavy Metals Uptake from Wastewater

“…The materials, including analytical-grade zinc acetate, polyethylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, zinc oxide, hydrochloric acid, zinc nitrate, cobalt nitrate, cadmium nitrate, and manganese nitrate, were purchased from Sigma, USA. Carbon and Fe 3 O 4 -C were obtained from our laboratory, prepared according to our previously published work by Habila et al [44].…”

Investigation of adsorptive removal of heavy metals onto magnetic core–double shell nanoparticles: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study

“…A batch process based investigation of magnetic core@TiO 2 @mesoSiO 2 (Mag-T-S-0.2 and Mag-T-S-0.4) and magnetic core@SiO 2 @TiO 2 (Mag-S-T) nanoparticles for adsorptive removal of Cd(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) was performed as described in our previous works [24,46]. In detail, 0.015 g each of Mag-T-S-0.2, Mag-T-S-0.4, and Mag-S-T adsorbent material was taken in a 50 ml polypropylene tube and mixed with 25 ml of mixed metal solution including Cd(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II), each at 100 ppm.…”

Surface Modifications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Polyvinyl Alcohol, Chitosan, and Activated Carbon or Graphite as Methylene Blue Adsorbents—Comparative Study

“…By changing to pH = 7 and adding polymer and GO, the adsorption of SPION/PVA/CS/GO decreased slightly, to approximately 37 mg/mL [6]. In addition, there were some positive results with some of the products, such as the combination product SPION@Carbon sheets, which increased to 95 mg/g at very high temperatures, such as 400 • C, or SPION/EG modeled by Redlich-Peterson and PSO, which exhibited an adsorption value of 75 mg/mL compared to pure SPION [21][22][23][24]. SPION@C using bergamia orange gave good results, with an adsorption of 141.3 mg/g [32].…”

“…Nevertheless, several investigations have demonstrated that some undesired SPION aggregates may have lower stability, biocompatibility, and effectiveness. As a result, the use of SPION in conjunction with other stabilizing tools, such as carbon compounds, has been researched [6,10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”