Thermal Fluxes and Solar Energy Storage in a Massive Brick Wall in Natural Conditions

Abstract

The thermal state of building elements is a combination of steady and transient states. Changes in temperature and energy streams in the wall of the building in the transient state are particularly intense in its outer layer. The factors causing them are solar radiation, ambient temperature and long-wave radiation. Due to the greater variability of these factors during the summer, the importance of the transient state increases at this time. The study analysed heat transfer in three aspects, temperatures in the outer, middle and inner parts of the wall, heat fluxes between these layers and absorption of solar energy, heat transfer coefficient on the wall exterior was also calculated. The analysis is based on temperature measurements at several depths in the wall and measurements of solar radiation. The subject of research is a solid brick wall. The results show that the characteristics of heat flow in winter and summer for the local climate show distinct differences. In the winter, the maximum temperature difference between the external and internal surface of the wall was 10 °C and in summer, 20 °C. In the winter, the negative flux on the internal surface reached 10 W/m2 and on the external 40 W/m2 and was constant throughout the day. The mean heat transfer coefficient on the exterior surface for winter week was 8 W/(mK). A Nusselt and Biot number for dimensionless convection analysis was calculated. The research contributes to the calculation of the variability of heat or cold demand in a daily period and to learn about the processes of energy storage in the wall using sensible heat.

Anti-Reflective Zeolite Coating for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices

“…In the last decade, research has driven a series of technological innovations in the fields with even more increasing energy demand [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. This is evident in industrial technologies characterized by huge energy consumption (e.g., healthcare, automotive, consumer electronics, industrial, etc.)…”

“…[ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In comparison, solar cell technology is characterized by a higher energy density coming from photoelectric transduction and is more effective for energy harvesters [ 3 , 4 , 20 ]. Even just a few minutes of direct sunlight exposure of the subcutaneous implanted solar cells can provide enough energy to an implantable medical device for an entire day [ 21 , 22 ].…”