The greatest threat of the 21st century is global warming. The building sector is a major
contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. About 60% of the total energy
consumed in the buildings is caused by HVAC systems. Nanotechnology is an emerging technology
that can introduce innovative materials in the building sector which offers great potential for development
of innovative building products to enhance performance and energy efficiency of the building.
Nanomaterials are a promising candidate for building thermal insulation. This paper presents a
theoretical overview of twenty case-based scenarios on the application of nanomaterials to reduce
energy consumption in buildings. A comprehensive list of different nanomaterials is reviewed from
the literature, as non-structural, insulation, and thermal energy storage materials to improve the insulation
performance of the building. Extensive testing and simulation modelling have turned out to
be the most popular in this area of research methods for experimental and theoretical studies. The
combination of these methods can yield a reliable technique for studying nanomaterials. Finally,
embedding nanomaterials into building walls, floors, and roofs can reduce energy consumption and
enhance thermal performance of a building’s envelope.