Thermal investigations of direct iron ore reduction with coal

Localized Heating and Reduction of Magnetite Ore with Coal in Composite Pellets Using Microwave Irradiation

“…In this stage the rate of temperature increase was about 1.1°C/s. Liu et al, 18) using very advanced experimental techniques, performed thermal investigations of direct iron ore reduction with coal in mixtures heated by radiation from a surrounding graphite cylinder under a constant heating rate of 10°C/min. The reduction behavior outlined above based on the results of the present work is in agreement with their findings indicating that the iron oxides underwent stepwise reduction.…”

Changes in Effective Thermal Conductivity During the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnetite Using Graphite

“…Carbothermic reduction of iron oxides is a stepwise process. [8,14] First step corresponds to the conversion of magnetite to wu¨stite which was observed to occur between 1173 K and 1413 K (900°C and 1140°C) during continuous heating at a rate of 7 K/min. The second step corresponds to the reduction of wu¨stite to metallic iron and is fast [15] unlike the relatively slow first stage.…”

“…The second assumption was that during each step, mass fraction of each phase changes linearly with temperature. This was inspired by the work conducted by Liu et al [14] Subsequently, the total heat capacity of the pellet was calculated by the law of mixtures (Eq. [12]).…”

Intermittent Microscopic Observation of Structure Change and Mineral Reactions of High Phosphorus Oolitic Hematite in Carbothermic Reduction

“…[15][16][17][18] In this study, iron oxide reduction was in direct and indirect reduction. The direct reduction process can be the main way, because of the close contact between the surface of sample and graphite.…”