Thermal lens and Z-scan measurements: Thermal and optical properties of laser glasses – A review

Thermal conductivity of Nd3+ and Yb3+ doped laser materials measured by using the thermal lens technique

“…2 in the case of Nd:GGG, shows the formation of the thermal lens as a function of time. In the present case, the increase of the signal reveals a convergent character of the induced thermal lens [17] (ds/dT > 0, where ds/dT is the variation of the optical path length with the temperature).…”

“…It has been extensively used for a variety of doped and undoped materials [15][16][17]. We report here some preliminary results which we have obtained with a series of well-known Nd-and Yb-doped crystals and glasses, and we compare these results with those already reported in the literature.…”

“…Although not in the focus of the present work, it is important to mention that h depends on the absorbed pump power, on the fraction of absorbed pump power converted into heat (thermal load) and on ds/dT [17]. The values of the different experimental parameters used for all the samples are gathered in Table 1.…”

Synthesis of Au, Ag, Curcumin Au/Ag, and Au-Ag Nanoparticles and Their Nonlinear Refractive Index Properties

“…The excess thermal energy increases the surrounding temperature and generates a temperature gradient. This temperature gradient leads to a variation in refractive index, which is called a thermal lens [23]. In addition to the thermal lens, the population redistribution between the excited and ground state conduction bands also plays an important part in the variation in the refractive index called a population lens [23].…”

“…This temperature gradient leads to a variation in refractive index, which is called a thermal lens [23]. In addition to the thermal lens, the population redistribution between the excited and ground state conduction bands also plays an important part in the variation in the refractive index called a population lens [23]. The plausible explanation for such a high value of nonlinear properties reported in this work arises from the use of cw laser that induces thermal effects that strongly affect the nonlinear properties masking the electronic contribution to the nonlinear properties.…”