Thermal performance analysis and burning questions of refrigerant direct cooling for electric vehicle battery

Application of Refrigerant Cooling in a Battery Thermal Management System under High Temperature Conditions: A Review

“…At present, some original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of EVs have adopted the refrigerant direct cooling through a cold plate. This approach aims to improve the thermal dissipation capabilities and extend the operational lifespan of the battery 30 while also continuously optimizing and improving the technology. Starting from 2014, the BMW i-series battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have gradually adopted the cold plate indirect cooling based on a refrigerant, as shown in Table 7 (partial).…”

“…Even under harsh environmental conditions, the 45 °C maximum temperature of the battery can be met by refrigerant cooling . When the cooling mode changes from refrigerant cooling to liquid cooling under 2C charging, the heat transfer coefficient reduces about 73.6%, and the battery temperature increases by about 12 °C . So, refrigerant cooling is considered the preferred alternative to traditional liquid cooling .…”

“… 29 When the cooling mode changes from refrigerant cooling to liquid cooling under 2C charging, the heat transfer coefficient reduces about 73.6%, and the battery temperature increases by about 12 °C. 30 So, refrigerant cooling is considered the preferred alternative to traditional liquid cooling. 31 Its reliable performance, coupled with a simple structure and lightweight design, makes it an attractive option.…”

A Review on Battery Model-Based and Data-Driven Methods for Battery Management Systems

“…The resolution of the differential Equation (11), then inserted in Equation ( 5), allows for the investigation of the dynamic behavior of the battery (diffusive phenomena between the electrodes) over time, i.e., of the response to a current excitation through the time constant…”

“…The ECMs involve representing the complex electrochemical processes occurring within a battery as a simplified circuit with various components. Engineers and researchers can analyze and simulate the battery's performance under different conditions [8][9][10][11]. The equivalent circuit model typically consists of idealized components such as resistors, capacitors, and voltage sources, representing the various physical phenomena occurring within the battery [12][13][14][15][16].…”